换言之翻译理论.docx

换言之翻译理论.docx

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换言之翻译理论

Chapterone:

Whatistranslation

1.EugeneNida

Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessagefirstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.

Notes:

l）.Here,“equivalent”cannotbetakenasthe“identity”ofthesourcelanguage.

2）.Itisthemessageorinformationthatisconveyedthroughtranslationnottheformalstructureofsourcelanguage.

3）.Meaningisalwaysthefirstconsideration.

4）.Styleissomethingthatcannotbeignored.

Nida’stranslationprinciple:

Dynamicequivalence&Functionalequivalence

Nida:

Thetranslatoristoproduceasnearlypossiblethesameeffectonhisreaderaswasproducedonthereaderoftheoriginal.

2.PeterNewmark

Translationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinotherlanguage.Fromtheangleofcontextualanalysis,heputforward2translationapproaches.

（l）Semantictranslation

Atranslationinwhichthetranslatorattemptswithinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsofthetargetlanguagetoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheauthor.Ittendstostrivetoreproducetheformoftheoriginalascloselyastargetlanguagenormswillallow.Itfocusprimarilyonthesemanticcontentofthesourcetext.

（2）Communicativetranslation

Atermusedtorefertoanyapproachwhichviewstranslationasacommunicativeprocesswhichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext.ItwillgenerallyorientedtowardtheneedsoftheTLreaderorrecipient.ItisalsodefinedbyNetworkasoneof2methodsoftranslationinwhich"thetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTLreaderaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders.

Eg.巧媳妇做不出没米的粥

Semantictranslation:

Eventhecleveresthousewifecannotcookamealwithoutnice.

Communicativetranslation:

Eventhecleveresthousewifecannotmakebreadwithoutflour.

3.HuangLong

Translationmaybedefinedasthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage.

Chapter2:

Whatistranslationtheoryabout

Translationtheory’smainconcernistodetermineappropriatetranslationmethodsforthewidestpossibilityoftextortext-categories.

Itprovidesaframeworkofprinciple,restrictedrulesandhintsfortranslationtextsandcriticizingtranslationabackgroundforproblem-solving.

Thetheorydemonstratesthepossibletranslationproceduresandthevariousargumentsforandagainsttheuseofonetranslationratherthananotherinaparticularcontext.

Translationtheoryattemptstogivesomeinsightintotherelationbetweenthought,meaningandlanguage,theuniversalculturalandindividualaspectsoflanguageandbehavior,theunderstandingofculture,theinterpretationoftextsthatmaybeclassifiedandevensupplementbywayoftranslation.

Thus,translationtheorycoversawiderangeofpursuits,attemptsalwaystobeuseful,toassisttheindividualtranslatortoolsbystimulatinghimtowritebetterandtosuggestpointsofargumentoncommontranslationproblems.

ChapterThree:

Typesoftranslation

1.Intermsoflanguage

native--foreign

2.Intermsofmode

A.translation

B.interpretation

C.machinetranslation

3.Intermsoftextgenres

A.scientificandtechnologicaltranslation

B.newstranslation

C.translationofpracticalwriting

D.translationofargumentativewriting

4.Intermsofdisposal

A.Full-texttranslation全译

B.Abridgedtranslation摘译

C.Adaptedtranslation编译

5.Intermsofmaterial

A.Intralingualtranslation语内翻译

B.Interlingualtranslation语际翻译

C.Intersemiotictranslation符际翻译

ChapterFour:

Criteriaoftranslation

1.YanFu严复

Faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance信，达，雅

Faithfulness:

thefullandcompleteconveyingoftheoriginalcontentandthought.

Expressiveness:

demandsthattheversionshouldbeclearandflowingwithoutany

grammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogicandsense，

Elegance:

referstotheuseofclassicalChinesebeforetheHanDynasty.

2.LiuChongde刘重德

Faithfulness,expressiveness.closeness信，达，切

Faithfulness:

tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal.

Expressiveness.tobeasexpressiveandsmoothastheoriginal.

Closeness:

tobeasclosetotheoriginalstyleaspossible.

3.LuXun鲁迅

Atranslationshouldbeeasytounderstandandpreservetheoriginalflavourofthesourcetext.

Ratherbefaithful（inthought）thansmooth（inlanguage）.宁信而不顺

LiangShiqiu梁实秋

Itisbettertohaveasmoothversionthanafaithfulone,

4.FuLei傅雷

Spiritualconformity/similarityinspirit

Targetlanguageshouldbesimilartosourcelanguagebothinformandspirit.

Astotheeffect,translationoughttobelikecopyingapicture,theaimisnotaresemblanceofformbutratherasemblanceofspirit.

5.QianZhongshu钱钟书

Sublimedadaptation/sublimation化境

Thehighestmeasureofliterarytranslation）istransformation（化）

Apieceofwritingtakenfromonelanguagetoanotherwithoutshowingstraininflictedbydifferencesinlanguagecustomswhileperfectlypreservingtheoriginalstylecanbesaidtobeatransformation，

6.AlexanderFraserTyter泰特勒三原则

EssayonPrincipleofTranslation:

A.Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork,

译作应完全复写原作的思想

B.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.

译作风格，手法应和原作属同一性质

C.Atranslationshouldhaveallthecaseoftheoriginalcomposition.

译作应有原创作品的通顺

Agoodtranslationisonewhichthemeritsoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehendedandasstronglyfeltbyanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.

7.Twounanimouslyacceptedcriteria

A.Faithfulness忠实

Faithfulnessreferstobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle.

B.Smoothness通顺

Smoothnessreferstonotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomaticexpressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffformulaandmechanicalcopyingdictionaries.

Eg,FromthereIcouldseethewholevalleybelow,thefield,theriver,andthevillage,Itwasallverybeautifulandthesightofitfilledmewithlongings.

从那里，我可以看到下面的整个山谷，田野，河流，村庄，这一切都非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。

改译为:

从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无余，只见那田野，河流，村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。

ChapterFive:

Processoftranslation

1.Generalprocess:

accuratecomprehension,adequaterepresentation

2.EugeneANída:

analysis-transfer-restructuring–testing

3.LiuZhongde

3stepsoftranslationprocess

A.Comprehension理解

Thetranslatorshouldreadthewholepieceofwritingcarefully,trytograsptheideologicalcontenttheauthorwantstoexpressandmakeclearnotonlytheliteralmeaningbutalsotheimplicationsbetweenlines.

B.Reproducingthecontent复写内容

Owingtothefactthatnotalltheusagesofthe2languagesconcernedarealike,theremaybethefollowingdifferentcasesinwording:

Sometimesthetranslatorcanfindexpressionswhileareentirelyequivalenttoeachother.

Sometimeshehastochangetheimage,Sometimesatranslatorhastomakeachangeinthesurfacevalueofsomewordssothathemaygetasuitablerepresentationwhichcanexpresstheirtrueimplications.

C.Reproducingthestyle复写风格

Thetranslatormusthaveagoodgaspoftheauthor'sportrayalofhischaracterandstyleofwriting.Onlythiscanhehasareliablebasisforhischoiceofwordsandmakingofsentences.Boththechoicesandarrangementsofwordsandsentencesarebasedoncomparativelysatisfactoryreproductionoftheoriginalimageandstyle.Thatistosay,thesamewordshouldberenderedindifferentwaysaccordingtothestatusofcharactersandstylesofwritingintheoriginal

Aconscientiousandresponsibletranslatormustgetfullypreparedfortranslationthroughthese3stepsbeforehesethispentopapers.

ChapterSix:

MajorlinguisticdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese

1.HypotaxisvsParataxis英形合vs汉意合

Eg.A.Perhaps,thisscenewillcomebacktoyouryearslaterwhenyousitaloneat

sunset.

也许，多年以后，夕阳西下，你一人独坐的时候，会想起眼前这刻的

B.Tragediescanbewritteninliteraturesincethereistragedyinlife.

生活中既然有悲剧，文学作品中就可以写悲剧

2.StaticVsDynamic静Vs动

Eg.A.Goodeatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.

吃好睡好不见得就健康

B.Sheisaregularvistorofthemuseum.

她经常参观博物馆

3.ImpersonalvsPersonal无人称Vs有人称

Eg.A.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.

我兴奋得说不出话来

B.Hisreturnbringsgreatrelieftoeverybodyinthefamily.

他回来了，全家人都如释重负

4.PassivevsActive被动vs主动

Eg.A.Ithasbeenforalongtimethatthereisafirstrelationshipbetweentheheartand

theliver.

长期以来，大家都知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的

B.Theuniversity'sfacultyshallbetoldtoattendthegatheringthisafternoon.

通知学校全体老师下午聚会

5.ComplicatedlongsentenceVSSimpleshortsentence复杂长句vs简单短句

Eg.A.Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofallsixesandcolours.

门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一

比较:

门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞

B.Therearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplaces1visitedandthepeopleI

met.

我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。

要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢

比较:

关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事可以讲

C.CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?

我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗?

比较:

你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?

D.Withthepresentcenturywasinisteens,andononesunshinymorninginJune,theredroveuptothegreatirongateofMissPinkertons'sacademyforyoungladiesonChiswickHalllafamilycoach,withtwofathorsesinblazingharness,drivenbyafatcoachmaninathree-corneredhatandwig,attherateoffourmilesanhour.

这个世纪才过了几十年，在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，一辆宽