Unit-1-Contrastive-Linguistics英文PPT课件讲解.pptx

Unit-1-Contrastive-Linguistics英文PPT课件讲解.pptx

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ContrastiveLinguistics,1,Instructor:

WeiZaijiang魏在江,WeiZai-jiang魏在江Tel:

029-85309400（o）西安外国语大学学报编辑部E-mail:

2,Content,3,Anintroductiontocontrastivelinguisticsincludesdefinitions;backgroundtheinfluenceoflinguistics,philosophy,sociologyandsociolinguisticsonthedevelopmentofcontrastivelinguistics,andcentralconcepts-.etc.,Anexaminationoftheanalyticalframeworksingrammar,vocabulary,pragmaticandtextualcontrastivestudieswillbediscussedindetails.ThediscussionalsocoversimplicationsofcontrastivelinguisticsinESPtextstudies,EFLteaching,Translationstudiesandliteraturestudies.,4,Approach,5,Themodulewillcombinelectureswithpracticalactivityanddiscussion.Participantswillbeexpectedtodoaconsiderableamountofpracticalworkonthelocaltextsduringthemodule.Themodulewillbeassessedintermsofassignment.,Syllabus,6,Unit1:

GeneralintroductionUnit2:

PrinciplesandProceduresUnit3:

Phonetic&PhonologicalContrastiveStudiesUnit4:

LexicalContrastiveAnalysisUnit5:

GrammaticalContrastiveAnalysisUnit6:

PragmaticContrastivestudiesUnit7:

TextualContrastiveAnalysis,Unit8:

CognitivelinguisticsandContrastivelinguisticsUnit9:

CulturaldifferencesinEnglishandChineseUnit10:

ContrastiveLinguisticsandtranslationUnit11:

contrastivelinguisticsandForeignlanguageteachingUnit12:

corpuslinguisticsandcontrastivelinguistics,7,Workshopsandseminars:

8,1.Casestudies:

textanalysis2.Casestudies:

problemsinforeignlanguageteachingandtranslation,Basicreading:

9,AndrewChesterman.ContrastiveFunctionalAnalysis.JohnBenjamins.1998Brown,G.&YuleG.DiscourseAnalysis.CUP.1983CarlJames.ContrastiveAnalysis.Longman.1980Keping.ContrastiveLinguistics.NanjingNormalUniversity.1999,M.A.K.HallidayandRuqaiyaHasan.CohesioninEnglish.1976RobertLado.LinguisticsAcrosscultures.TheUniversityofMichiganPress.957Saussure.TheCourseofGeneralLinguistics.Beijing:

ForeignLanguageteachingandResearchPress.2002TomaszP.Krzeszowski.ContrastingLanguages-TheScopeofContrastiveLinguistics.,10,MoutonDeGruyter.1990许余龙对比语言学上海外语教育出版社2002年版（研究生教材）陈治安、刘家荣、文旭.英汉对比语用学与外语教学.北京：

外语教学与研究出版社.2003高远.对比分析与错误分析.北京航空航天大学出版社.2002潘文国.汉英语对比纲要.北京语言文化大学出版社.2003,11,杨自俭.英汉对比研究论文集.上海外语教育出版社.1994杨自俭.英汉比较与翻译（3，4，5）.上海外语教育出版社喻荣根.英汉对比语言学.北京工业大学出版社.1989何善芬.英汉语言对比研究.上海外语教育出版社.2002,12,李瑞华.英汉语言与文化对比研究.上海外语教育出版社.1998连叔能.英汉对比研究.高等教育出版社.1994邵志洪.英汉语研究与对比.华东理工大学出版社.1997杨自俭.英汉比较与翻译（3，4，5）.上海外语教育出版社喻荣根.英汉对比语言学.北京工业大学出版社.1989杨自俭.英汉比较与翻译（3，4，5）.上海外语教育出版社,13,Unit1Introduction,14,1.1WhatisContrastiveLinguistics?

Whenwetakeupanysubjectforstudy,weusuallystartbyinvestigatingitsnature,itsrelevancetous,andthewaytostudyit.Inotherwords,weaskthreebasicquestions:

whatitis,（b）whyitisneededorimportant,and（c）howtodoit.Inthissectionweshalltrytoanswerthesethreebasicquestionsaboutcontrastivelinguistics.,1.1.1NameandNature,15,Apparentlycontrastivelinguistics,issomethingrelatedtoorincludedunderlinguistics.Soletus,asthesayinggoes,beginfromtheverybeginningandexaminationofthenameandnatureoflinguistics.,Linguistics,16,Languageisusedbyuseveryday.Itisareality,thatis,itissomethingactuallyorexperiencedbyus.Generallyspeaking,wemaydistinguishthreeaspectsofreality,physical,social,andpsychological-.,andatleastfivemodesoforapproachestoknowingreality,thatis,philosophical,mathematical,theological,humanistic,andscientific.Variousdisciplines,inlightoftheaspectsofrealitytheyareinterestedin,approachtheirsubjectmatterlargelyfromthepointofviewofoneofthesefivemodes,17,Wemayconsiderthefollowingfactsaboutlanguageandapproachestotherealityoflanguagebeforewecometocharacterizethenatureoflinguistics.

（1）Languageissociallyacquiredandused.Asasocialphenomenon,itobviouslyhassocialreality.,18,

（1）Ashumanbehavior,languagehaspsychologicalreality.Twomajorlinguisticschoolsinthe20thcenturyhavebeenstructurallinguisticsandgenerativelinguistics.Bothofthemanalyzelanguageintermsofhumanbehavior（thatis,verbalbehavior”_structurallinguistSkinnerwroteabookinthisverytitle.”

（2）Philosophical,mathematicalandtheologicalapproachestotherealityoflanguageareevidentlyrelevantonlyinratherlimitedways.,19,

（1）Neitherisahumanisticapproachofmuchusetothelinguists.Thehumanisticapproachlaysemphasisontheindividualcharacteristics.Thetypicalmethoditemploysiscalledverstechen（understandfromwithin）.Whatisleft,then,isthescientificapproach.Linguisticsclaimstobeanempiricalscienceandassuchitaimsattrue（inthesenseofverifiableandfalsifiable）statementsbymeansofformulatingtestablehypotheses.,20,

（1）Basedontheanalysismadeaboveofthefeaturesoflanguageandtherelevantapproachestoit,wemaydepictthenatureoflinguisticsasfollows:

Linguisticsisascientificstudyoflanguage,whichexistsmainlyassocialandpsychologicalrealities.,21,1.1.1.2ContrastiveLinguistics,22,What,then,iscontrastivelinguistics?

Apparently,contrastivelinguisticsisakindoforabranchoflinguistics.Asitsnamesuggests,contrastivelinguisticsinvolvescontrastorcomparison.Comparisonisoneofthebasicwaysbywhichwestudyobjectsandgettoknowthem,justasthesayinggoes,?

onlybycomparisoncanonedistinguish.”Themethodofcomparisoniswidelyusedinlinguistics.,Almostallthebranchesoflinguisticsinvolvecomparisonofonekindoranother,sincetoidentifyandelaborateonaparticularfeatureofthehumanlanguage,linguistsusuallyhavetomakeanexplicitorimplicitcomparativeorcontrastiveanalysisofthevariousformsinwhichthefeaturefindsexpressionandtheparallelsoftheseformsinsomerelatedsystems.,23,Wemaycometoabetterunderstandingofthenatureofcontrastivelinguisticsbyputtingitintheperspectiveofageneralframeworkofcomparisonsandbetweenlanguages.Comparisonmaybeconductedintralinguallyorinterlinguallyonasynchronicbasisoronadiachronicbasis.Sofourtypesofcomparisonmaybedistinguished:

24,

（1）Synchronicintralingualcomparison.Thisisthecomparisonoftheconstituentformsofthephonetic,phonological,lexical,grammaticalandotherlinguisticsystemswithinaparticularlanguageduringaspecificperiodofitsevolution.,25,

（2）Diachronicintralingualcomparison.,26,Thiskindofcomparisonoccurswherethehistoryofagivenlanguageisinvolved.AdiachroniccomparisonofEnglish,forinstance,revealsthatthelanguagehasundergonefourstagesofevolvement:

OldEnglish（upto1150）,MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）,EarlyEnglish（1500-1700）andLateModernEnglish（1700onwards）,withitsgrammarbecomingincreasinglyanalytic,thatis,thenumberofinflectedwordendingsdrasticallydecreasedandgrammaticalmeaningsareincreasinglyexpressedbywordorderandfunctionwordssuchasprepositions.Diachronicintralingualcomparisonistheprincipalmethodemployedbytheresearchersoflanguagehistory,etymologyandotherrelatedbranchesoflinguisticstudy.,27,（3）Diachronicinterlingualcomparison.Whencomparisoncrosseslanguageborders,wegetaveryimportantbranchoflinguisticsthatdevelopedinmoderntimes.Thisistheso-called（comparative）historiclinguistics（alsoknownasphilologywhichstatedinthelate18thcenturyandevolvedintoadominantbranchoflinguisticstudyinthe19thcentury.,28,4）Synchronicinterlingualcomparison.Accordingtothepurposeofcomparison,threekindsofitmaybedistinguished:

（a）thefirstkindofsynchronicinterlingualcomparisoniscarriedoutwithaviewtofindingoutthecommonfeaturesofandthelawsgoverningthestructuresofallthelanguagesintheworld.Itsgoal,inotherwords,istofindoutthe“languageuniversals”or“linguisticuniversals”.,29,ThisissomethingwhichgenerativeschoolsoflinguisticsheadedbyTransformationalgrammarhavebeenendeavoringtodo（b）Thesecondkindofsynchronicinterlingualcomparisonisconductedfortheaimoffindingoutthetypicaldifferencesbetweenallthelanguagesintheworldintheirstructuresothattheselanguagescanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirformalfeatures.,30,（c）Thethirdkindofsynchronicinterlingualcomparisonisconductedwithinthescopeofusuallytwolanguages,althoughmorelanguagesmaybeinvolved.Theaimofthiskindofcomparisonistofindoutthediscrepanciesand,toalesserdegree,thesimilaritiesinthestructuresofthelanguagesbeingcompared.Thisisexactlywhatcontrastivelinguisticsundertakestodo（Xu,1992:

3-4）,31,Wemaythencharacterizecontrastivelinguisticsinthefollowingway:

Contrastivelinguisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestwoormorelanguagessynchronically,withtheaimsofdiscoveringtheirdifferencesandsimilarities（especiallytheformer）andapplyingthesefindingstorelatedareasofstudy.,32,Contrastivelinguisticsisalsoknownas“contrastiveanalysis”（CA）or“contrastivestudies”.Thesethreetermsarelargelyinterchangeable.,33,1.1.1Classification,34,Havingidentifiedthenatureofcontrastivelinguisticsaswellasthestatusitkeepsinthebroadareaoflanguagestudies,itisappropriatenowforustotakealookatthemake-upofthisbranchoflinguistics.Wemayclassifycontrastivelinguisticsalongtwoaxes,i.e.theoreticalvspractical,andmicrolinguisticsvs.macrolinguistics,Thisapproach,called:

linguistictypology”,hasestablishedaclassificatorysystemforthelanguagesoftheworldintowhichindividuallanguagescanbeslottedaccordingtotheirpreferredgrammaticaldevices:

sonowwecantalkabout“synthetic”,”analytic”,”inflectional,“agglutinating”and“tone”,language,35,1.1.2.2TheoreticalandApplied,36,ContrastiveLinguistics,Theoreticalcontrastivelinguisticstriestofindsuitablemodelsandtheoreticalframeworksforcomparisonandtoestablishsuchkeynotionsascongruen