计算机导论讲义Word文件下载.docx

计算机导论讲义Word文件下载.docx

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•instantmessaging

•Web-basedapplications

•personalwebsite

•virusprotection

•TVtunersandvideoclips

•digitalphotography

•music

•homenetworking

•spyware

•jobopportunities

6．

•Emphasizedifferencesbetweenapplicationandsystemssoftware

•Systemsoftware

•operatingsystem

•utilities

•devicedrivers

•Applicationsoftware

•generalpurpose

•specialpurpose

7．

•Softwareisanothernameforprograms

•Programsareinstructionsthattellthecomputerhowtoprocessdataintotheformyouwant

•Twomajorkindsofsoftware

•System

•Notasingleprogram

•acollectionofprograms

•Operatingsystems

•WindowsXP

•MacOSX

•Utilities

•Serviceprograms

•Performstasksrelatedtomanagingcomputerresources

•Devicedrivers

•Application

8．

•“End-user”software--peoplewhousemicrocomputerorhaveaccesstolargercomputers

•Nearlyeveryoneintoday’sworkforceandgeneralpublichaveaccess

•Thesepeopleentercommandsandtypicallyinteractwithapplicationprograms.

•Twomajorcategories

•General-purposeorbasicprograms;

off-the-shelf

•Specialized-writtenforanorganization’sorbusinesstype’sspecificpurpose;

speciallywritten

9．

•Examplesofhardware:

•Diskdrive,keyboard,printerandmodemaredifferenttypesofcomputerhardware

10．

•Therearefourtypesofcomputers

•Supercomputers

•Mainframecomputers

•Minicomputers

•Microcomputers

•desktop

•laptopornotebook

•tabletPC

•Handheldcomputers

•Palmcomputers

•Personadigitalassistants

11．

•AboveisanexampleofaCraysupercomputer,which,unliketheillustration,isalwaysinanairconditionedbox

•Thisisrequiredbecauseoftheheatgeneratedduringprocessing

•Amajorreasonforitsprocessingspeedisshortedconnectionwiresthroughouttheinterior

•Ofcourse,shorterwiresmeansfasterbytetransfertimes

•Supercomputersarethemostpowerfultypeofcomputer

•NASAusessupercomputerstotrackandcontrolspaceexploration

12．

•Mainframesoccupyspeciallywired,air-conditionedrooms

•Notaspowerfulassupercomputers

•Insurance,financialandequityindustries,aswellasgovernmentsallprocesslargeamountsofinformationonmainframes

13．

•Thesearerefrigeratorsizedmachines

•Productiondepartmentsuseminicomputerstomonitorcertainmanufacturingprocessesandassemblylineoperations

•Problemismostcurrentdesktopshavecapacityofmanyminicomputers.

14．

•Leasepowerfulcomputers,butmostwidelyused

•Fastestgrowingcomputer

•Havestudentsbegindiscussingthemicrocomputerandwirelessconnectivity

15．

•SystemUnit

•Memory

•CPU

•I/ODevices

•Monitors

•Printers

•SecondaryStorage

•Floppy

•Harddrive

•Opticaldisks

•MonitorsincludeLCDpanelsandtraditionalCRTs.Currenttrendsregardingmonitors;

sizesdependinguponuseofsystem

•Communications

•Modems-equipmentthattranslatesdatafromtheCPUtoaformhumanscanunderstand

16．

•Usedtodescribefactsaboutsomething

•Containedinfilesfordocuments,worksheetsanddatabases

•Documentfiles-usuallycreatedbywordprocessors

•Worksheetfiles-electronicspreadsheets

•Databasefiles-electronicdatabasemanagementprograms

•PresentationFiles-electronicslidesshows

17．

•Connectivityisthecapabilityofyourmicrocomputertoshareinformationwithothercomputers

•Wireless/mobilecommunicationdevicesaremorepopularthanever

•Anetworkiscentraltotheconceptofconnectivity

•AskstudentsquestionsabouttheInternet.Herearesomefacts:

•NooneownstheInternet

•ThereisnoInternet,Inc.

•TheInternetisanetworkofnetworks

•TheWWWprovidesmultimediainterfacetoresourcesontheInternet

18．

•Usinginformationtechnologymeansbeingcomputercompetent

•TheInternetandtheWebarethetwomostimportanttechnologiesofthe21stcentury

•Softwarecannowdoextraordinarytasks

•Microcomputersaremorepowerful

•Societymustbecarefulaboutprotectingtheirprivacy

•Almostallorganizationsrelyoninformationsystems

2．THEINTERNET,THEWEB,ANDELECTRONICCOMMERCE

•AskthestudentswhytheInternetisoftenreferredtoastheInformationSuperhighway

•CompetentendusersneedtobeawareoftheresourcesavailableontheInternetandtheWeb

•AskstudentstolisttheresourcestheyuseontheWeb

3．

•Mostdevelopednetworksystemcurrentlyinuse;

connectspeopleallovertheworld

•Originallystartedin1969whenUSfundedaresearchproject（ARPANET）.

•CERN–CenterforEuropeanNuclearResearch

•WorldWideWeb（Web）isapartoftheInternet–nottheInternet;

introducedin1992byconsortiuminSwitzerland.

•Originallystartedasresearchandtext-basednetworktoexchangeresearchideasfromuniversitytouniversity

•Developedintoanetworkofnetworks

•Oneofthemostpowerfultoolsofthe21stcentury

•MostcommonInternetapplications

•Communicating-sendinge-mailanddiscussiongroupparticipation

•Youcanchatlivewithothers

•Askstudentswhatchatsoftwaretheyuse

•Shopping-fastestgrowingapplications

•Searching-usingvirtuallibraries

•Entertainment–increaseduseofDVD;

integrationofTVandPC

•Educationore-learning

•Youcantakeclassesonalmostanysubject

•ThecommonwaytoaccesstheInternetisthroughaproviderorhostcomputer

•Providers-alreadyconnectedtotheInternet--furnishapathwayforotherusers

•Typicalprovidersinclude:

•Collegesanduniversities–usually“free”

•Internetserviceproviders（ISP）canbelocal（regional）ornational

•AskstudentstoidentifyvariousISPsusedintheirenvironment

•Typesofproviders

•National–likeAOL

•Regional–smallerservicearea

•Wireless

•notelephonelinesused

•provideconnectionthroughwirelessmodems

•BrowsersallowyoutosearchorsurftheWeb

•NavigatesearchforinformationandcommunicateusingtheWeb

•UseURL（uniformresourcelocator）toconnecttootherresources

•TwopartstoURL:

protocol（usuallyhttp:

//）;

secondisdomainnameorserverwhereresourcelocated（）

•BrowserissoftwarethatallowsuserstonavigatetheWebandreadthemultimediaformattedpages

•ConnecttoWebsitesusingURLaddresses（uniformresourcelocator）

•DocumentissenttocomputerusuallycodedinHTML（hypertextmarkuplanguage）orsomevariation

•InterpretstheHTMLcodesdisplayingpage

•Maycontain

•Hyperlinks--allowuserstoquicklyconnecttootherpagesorWebsites

•Graphics

•Text

•Webpagescontainlinkstoprogramscalledapplets

•ThesearespecialprogramswritteninaprogramminglanguagecalledJava

•Theseprogramscanbequicklydownloadedandrunbymostbrowsers

•CommunicationsisthemostpopularInternetactivity

•Typesofcommunications:

•E-mailorelectronicmail

•TransmissionofelectronicmessagesovertheInternet

•Hasthreebasicparts:

header,message,andsignature

•Header

•Address

•Subject–veryimportanttoincludethisinamessage

•Attachments

•Spam–unsolicitede-mail

•Distraction

•Nuisance

•Discussiongroups

•Participateinforumsanddebates

•Includesmailinglists,newsgroups,chatgroups,andinstantmessaging

•Mailinglists–messageissenttoalistofaddresses

•Newsgroups–usesaspecialnetworkcalledUseNet

•Chat-allowsdirect,livecommunications

•IRC–InternetRelayChatisaverypopularchatservice

•IM–instantmessaging

•cansendmessagesbackandforthinrealtime

•Lurking-thisisatechniqueyoucanusebeforeyouparticipateinadiscussiongroup

•Youobserveanddon'

tresponduntilyoufeelmorecomfortablewiththegroup

•ThemostcommonInternetactivity

•WithInternetaccessandane-mailprogram,onecanreachanybodyintheworldsimilarlyequipped

•Ane-mailmessagehasthreebasicelements

•Header-subject,addressandattachments

•Message

•Signature

•Internetaddressesusethedomainnamesystem.

•PersonalInformationManagers–helpsinorganizationandcommunicationwithothers

•ElectronicDaytimersplusabilitytocommunicatethroughInternet

•Internetusesthedomainnamesystem（DNS）,whichgivesnamesandnumberstopeopleandcomputers

•Addresshasthreeparts

•Username-identifiesuniqueuserorcomputerinthedomain

•Domainname-referencesaspecificorganization

•Domaincode-geographicallocationororganizationalidentification

•Domainidentification=.com=commercial

•=.edu=educationandresearch

•=.org=organizations（usuallynon-profit）

•=.net=majornetworkcenters（usuallyeasiertoaccessthancommercial）

•=.gov=government

•Mailinglistssende-mailtoallmembers.

•Signup

•Messagessent

•Unsubscribe

•NewsgroupsusetheUsenet.

•Mo