杨忠 系统功能语法讲义AN INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR杨忠讲义.docx

杨忠 系统功能语法讲义AN INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR杨忠讲义.docx

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杨忠系统功能语法讲义ANINTRODUCTIONTOFUNCTIONALGRAMMAR杨忠讲义

ANINTRODUCTIONTOFUNCTIONALGRAMMAR

LECTURES

BYYangZhong

SessionOne

1.Branchesoflinguisticsandschoolsoflinguistics

●Branchesoflinguisticsaredividedbyreferencetoobjectofstudy,i.e.thesubjectmatteroflanguageasaphenomenon,seenascomposedofmanyaspectsorfacets.

●Schoolsoflinguisticsaredividedbyperspectivesandmethodology.

2.FormalismandfunctionalismofPost-SaussureanWesternlinguistics

●Logico-philosophicalvs.rhetorical-ethnographicorientationsoflinguisticstudiesinWesterncountries---languageasruleorlanguageasresource

●Differencesinperspectivesbetweenformalismandfunctionalism

Starting-

point

Viewofobjectofstudy

Linguisticproductionas

Unit

of

analysis

Linguistics

closeto

Formal

ism

Going-in

Through

form

Languageasanabstractsystem

Automation（ruleslikemachine）

sentence

Logic,psychology,philosophy

Function-

alism

Going-in

Throughmeaning

Languageinuse

Choice（systemnetwork,meaningpotential）

Clause,

text

Anthropology,sociology

3.Functionalismasastreamoflinguistics

●FunctionalisminEurope

ThePragueSchool:

Majorachievement—phonemicanalysis

Representatives—V.Mathesius（马西/泰修斯）

N.S.Trubetzky（特鲁别茨科依）[Russian]

A.Martinet（马丁内）[French]

TheCopenhagenSchool:

Majorachievement—text/discourseanalysis

Representative—L.Hjelmslev（1899-1965）[叶尔姆斯列夫]

TheLondonSchool:

Majorachievement—theoryofcontext

Systemic-functionalgrammar

Majorrepresentatives—J.R.Firth（1890-1960）[弗斯]（British）

M.A.K.Halliday（1925-）

●FunctionalismintheU.S.A.

Majorachievement—linguisticrelativity;

Conitivegrammar;

Cognitivesemantcs;

Conceptualmetaphor

Representatives—F.Boas（1858-1942）

E.Sapir（1884-1939）

B.L.Whorf（1897-1941）

Fillmore

Langacker

Lakoff

Talmy

●FunctionalisminChina

11annualconferencesheld（7thheldinNENU）

;ChinaAssociationofFunctionalLinguistics

4.Themeaningofthetermfunction

●Organic/constitutivefunction

●Rolefunction

●Speechfunctions（aspurposeorintention）

●Metafunctions（asbroadcategoriesofmeanings）

Thetheoryofmetafunctionsisthecornerstoneofsystemic-

functionallinguistics

5.Tenetsoffunctionalapproachtolanguage（asgeneralisedbyButler,C.S.2003.SturctureandFunction:

AGuidetoThreeMajorStructural-functionalTheories.Amsterdam/Philodelphia:

JohnBenjamins）

（1）Anemphasisonlanguageasasmeansofhumancommunicationinsocialandpsychologicalcontexts;

（2）Rejectionoftheclaimthatthelanguagesystem（thegrammar）isarbitraryandself-contained,infavouroffunctionalexplanationintermsofcognition,socio-cultural,physiologicalanddiachraonicfactors;

（3）Rejectionoftheclaimthatsyntaxisaself-containedsystem,infavourofanapproachwheresemanticandpragmaticpatterningisregardedascentral;

（4）Recognitionoftheimportanceofnon-discretenessinlinguisticdescriptionand,moregenerally,oftheimportanceofthecognitivedimensions;

（5）Aconsernfortheanalysisoftextsandtheircontextsofuse;

（6）Astronginterestintypologicalmatters;

（7）Theadoptionofaconstructionistratherthananadaptionistviewoflanguageacquisition.

SessionTwo

1.Whatissystem?

●Definition

“Agroupofrelatedpartsthatworktogetherasawholeforaparticularpurpose”（LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish）

“同类事物按一定的关系组成的整体”（《现代汉语词典》）

---Trafficlightsassystemofsymbols：

Stopping---red

Slowingdown---amber

Going---green

（Nowatmaincrossroadstherearealsoarrowsforrightandleftturns,sothesystemischanged）

---Chessasasystem

---Thedifferencebetweenchessandlanguage

●Features

---Elements

---Wholeness

1）TheideaofsystemasaconceptinlinguisticsisfirstexpoundedinCourseinGeneralLinguistics,wheresystemreferstolangue,understoodasthesyntagmaticrelation（linear）.

“Whatislanguage?

“Language,[……],isaself-containedwholeandaprincipleofclassification”（Saussure1959:

9）

ButthemeaningofsystemisdifferentinHalliday’stheoryofgrammar.

2）TheconceptionofsystemappearedinHalliday’searlypublications:

Halliday,M.A.K（1956）GrammaticalCategoriesinModernChinese.TransitionsofthePhilologicalSociety,1956.pp.177-224.ReprintedinKress（ed.）（1976）.

Halliday,M.A.K,1961CategoriesoftheTheoryofGrammar.InWord,vol.17,3:

241-292.

Halliday,M.A.K,1963.‘Classinrelationtotheaxesofchainandchoiceinlanguage’.Linguistics.No.2

Inthesearticles,Hallidayputforwardfourfundamentalcategoriesofgrammar:

unit（单位）,class（类别）,structure（结构）andsystem（系统）.Inaddition,therearethreescales（阶）:

rank（级）,exponence（标示）,delicacy（精密度）.

“韩礼德对语法的两大部分‘范畴’和‘阶’做了比过去全面成熟的归纳和阐述，对语言学界产生深远的影响，被公认为‘阶与范畴’（scaleandcategorygrammar）语法的发端。

两年后，韩礼德又发表了‘类与语

言中的连接轴和选择轴的关系’一文，进一步阐述阶和范畴的关系。

（胡壮麟，朱永生，张德禄，李战子，《系统功能语言学概论》，2005。

）

（阶与范畴有什么区别？

）

Units

Text

Clause

ScaleofrankGroup/phrase

Word

Morpheme

Scaleofdelicacy

Leastdelicatemostdelicate

Primarystructuresecondarystructure

Scaleofexponence

Primaryclasssecondaryclass

Example：

Allthethreetopstudentsareaccepted.

All

the

three

top

students

Areaccepted.

S

p

NG

VG

D

M

H

Dpre

Dmid

Dpost

3）“Systemisasetofoptions”.Grammarisasystemnetwork.Systemisprimary,structureissecondary.Structureistherealizationofchoicerelations.

4）Whyissystemprimary?

---Languageasaresourceisasystemofsystems;categoriesarehierarchical.

---Choicesoutofcertainpurposes/intensions

2.Whatarethefundamentaldifferencesinformalismandfunctionalismingrammaticaldescription?

FormalismvsFunctionalism

●Perspectives:

intraorganismvsinterorganism

●Focus:

chainrelationsvschoicerelations

●Goal:

Bothareexplanatory&descriptive;

todescribeandexplain:

Howdoesonespeak?

VsHowdopeopletalk?

3.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenfunctionandmetafunction

—Levelofabstractionindescriptionandexplanation.

4.Semiologicalinterpretationofthethreemetafunctions

1）DifferenttheoriesofmetafunctionproposedbyB.Malinowski（马林诺夫斯基）,K.Buhler（比勒）andM.A.K.Halliday.

B.Malinowski（1923）

（Anthropological）

K.Buhler（1923）

（psychological）

M.A.K.Halliday（1972，1985，1994）（Linguistic）

Pragmatic实用功能

Representational表达功能

Ideational概念功能

Phaticfunction寒暄功能

Expressive表情功能

Interpersonal人际功能

Conative意欲功能

Magicalfunction巫术功能

Referential所指功能

Textual语篇功能

2）Ideationalandinterpersonalfunctionsaremoreessentialfunctions（seeHalliday1994:

xiii）

Alllanguageareorganizedaroundthemainkindsofmeaning,theideationalorreflective,andtheinterpersonaloractive.Thesecomponentsarethemanifestationsinthelinguisticsystemofthetwoverygeneralpurposeswhichunderlieallusesoflanguage:

（i）tounderstandtheenvironmentand（ii）toactontheothersinit.Combinedwiththisisthethirdmetafunction.

SessionThree:

DiscussionofChapterFour

1.Thefundamentalargumentforafunctionalanalysis

●Communicationasinteractionorexchangeofmeanings.

●Communicationisnotjustunidirectional,notjustpassinginformation.

Pleaseconsidertheconnotationof‘talk’and‘speak’.

2.Thegeneralframeworkforexchangeofmeanings/functions

GivingInformation（statement）

Goods&services（offer）

DemandingInformation（question）

Goods&services（command）

3.ThedefinitionofMood（语气成分）

●‘Thesubjectandfinite’makeupacomponentoftheclausethatiscalledMood.—astructuraldefinition

●Thecomponentofaclausethatrealizestheinteractivefunction.

Eg.---Thepresidenthasturneddowntheproposal,hasn’the?

---（a）Yes,hehas.

（b）No,hehasn’t.

（c）Oh,hashe?

（d）No，hehasn’t.Buthewill.

（e）Hehasn’t,andhewon’t.

4.ThestructureofMoodindifferenttypesofEnglishClauses:

（1）Summary

Typesofclause

MoodStructure

Declarative

‘Iamleaving.’

SF

Interrogatives

Yes-no

‘Areyouleaving?

’

FS

Wh-

Wh-asS

‘Whoisleaving?

’

SF

Wh-notasS

‘Whyareyouleaving?

’

FS

Imperatives

unmarked

‘Leavehere!

’

‘Don’tleavehere!

’

（F）

marked

‘Youleavehere!

’

‘Don’tyouleavehere!

’

（F）S

（2）Moreaboutthefiniteinimperatives（pp.48-49）

●Whygenerallythereisnofiniteinimperatives?

Notopentonegotiation.Thefiniteisusedfornegationoremphasisonceitappears.

●Ifnegotiativeinmeaning,aquestiontagisadded.Inthiscase,thefiniteisnot‘normal’finiteinitsrangeoffunctions.

e.g.Don’ttellanyone,willyou?

（notdoyou?

）

●‘Let’s’and‘letus’maytakedifferenttags.

e.g.:

LetuscallyouLaoWang,willyou?

Let’sstartnow,shallwe?

5.ThemeaningsofSubjectandFinite

“Subjectissomethingbyreferencetowhichthepropositioncanbeaffirmedordenied.”（HallidayandMathiessen,2004:

117）

“Thesubjectisoftendescribedastheconstituentdefiningthetopicofthesentence---thatwhichthesentenceisaboutandwhichitpresupposesasitspointofdeparture.”（Quirketal.1985:

79）

“Thedivision,（Subject,Predicate）,however,hasmoretodowiththestatementasalogicalcategorythanwiththestructuralfactsofgrammar.”

Subject—expressestheentitythatthespeakerwantstomakeresponsibleforthevalidityoftheproposition.

Propositionis“thebasicunitoflogicalanalysis,characteristicallystatedbyadeclarativesentenceandthebeareroftruth-valuetrueorfalse.Manytheoristsidentifypropositionswithstatements.Botharedistinguishedfromsentences,butsomephilosopherswishtoeliminatepropositionsasabstractentitiesinfavourofsentences.Ifbothkindsofentityareaccepted,allpropositionaresentencesorexpressedbysente