英语练习1.docx

英语练习1.docx

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英语练习1

Aone-pillanswertotreatingHIV

ThefirsttreatmentforHIVintheformofonepilltakenonceadayisgoingtomarketintheUniteStates.AspokesmanforthedrugcompanyBriston-MyersSquibbsaidanewproduct,calledAtripla,hadalreadybeenshippedtosuppliers.

Atriplaistheresultofsomeunusualcoporationamongdrugcompanies.ThegovementapprovedthetreatmentonJulytwelfth.FoodanddrugadministrationofficialshaduntilOctobertomakeadecision.Buttheyactedquickly.

Doctorbelieveaone-pill-a-dayplanwillbemoresuccessfulthancurrenttreatmentswhichcaninvolveseveralpillsaday.Patientsarelesslikelytomisstreatments,missedtreatmentscanhlepthevirusgainresistancetodrug.

AtriplacombinesthreemedicineswidelyusetotreatthemostcommonformofHIV,theVirusthatcausesAIDS.OneofthethreeisSustiva,madebyBriston-Myers.TheothertwoareVireadandEmtriva,bothfromGileadScience.

Thenewtabletsareapprovedforusealoneorwithotherantiretroviralproductstotreatadults.

Earlierthisyear,theNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepulishedastudyofAtripla.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ResearcherscomparedtheeffectivenessofAtriplatothewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir,fromGlaxoSmithKline.

TheyreportedthatAtriplasuppressedviruslevelsinmorepatientsandwithfewersideeffects.Aone-monthsupplyintheUniteStateswillcostmorethanonethousanddollars,thesamepriceasfortheseparatedrugsitcontains.

GileadandBriston-MyerswilljointlymarketAtripla.AIDSactivistspraisedthecooperationbetweendrugmakersashistoric.Theyalsocalledonthemtoprovidethetreatmenttodevelopingnations.

TheBriston-MyersspokesmansayshiscompanyandGileadwanttodothat.TheyarecurrentlynegotiatingwithMerck.ThatcompanyhasrightstomarkettheactivesubstanceinSustivainanumberofcountriesoutsidetheUniteStates.

ThespokesmansaysthenewproductcouldbeofferedasearlyasSeptemberthroughthePresident'sEmergencyPlanforAIDSRelief.Theplanprovidedrugstofifteenpoorcountries,mostlyinAfrica.theFoodandDrugAdministrationrecentlyapprovedatwo-pill-a-dayHIVtreatmentforuseundertheemergencyplan.

2Cancerdrugssavechildren

Doctorssayveryfewchildrensurvivedcancerbeforethenineteenseventies.Improvedtreatmentsnowofferhopeoflong-termsurvivalforalmosteightypercentofyoungcancerpatients.Yetthechemotherapydrugsandradiationusedtostoptheircancerscanleadtootherproblemslater.

Anewlyreportedstudylookedatmorethantenthousandadultswhosurvivedchildhoodcancers.Theyweretreatedbetweennineteenseventyandninetyeighty-six.Theiraverageageatthetimeofthestudywastwenty-six.

Thestudycomparedtheirmedicalhistorieswiththoseofthreethousandoftheirbrothersandsisters.

Theresearchersfoundthatsixty-twopercentofthecancersurvivorshadatleastonelong-termhealthproblem.Thesamewastrueofonlythirty-sevenpercentofthebrothersandsisters.

Thecancersurvivorswereeighttimesaslikelyastheirsiblingstohavesevereorlife-threateningconditionsasadults.Andmanyofthesurvivorshadthreeormoreconditions.

Thecancersurvivorswereathigherriskofproblemslikeheartdiseaseandearlyboneloss.Chemotherapycandamagebonegrowthduringanimportantperiodofdevelopment.Andradiationforsomecancerscanincreasetheriskofothercancerslater.

Survivorsofbonecancers,cancersofthecentralnervoussystemandHodgkin'sdiseasewereathighestriskforhealthproblemsasadults.Thestudyalsofoundthatgirlswhosurvivedcancerweremorelikelythanboystohaveproblemslater.

Doctorssaynewercancertreatmentsarealittlesaferbutnotmuch.Still,thegoodnewsisthatmanyoftheconditionslinkedtocancertreatmentscanbefoundwhentheyarestilltreatable.

KevinOeffingeroftheMemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenterinNewYorkwasleadauthorofthestudy.Hesaysdoctorsshouldwatchcloselyforproblemsaschildhoodcancersurvivorsgetolder.Hesaysdoctorsshouldalsobesuretoprovideinformationaboutproblemsthatachildcancerpatientmightexpectinthefuture.Andhesaysitisespeciallyimportantforsurvivorstoeatright,exerciseandnotsmoke.

ThereportisfromtheChildhoodCancerSurvivorStudy.ThefindingsappearedintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.

Andthat'stheVOASpecialEnglishHealthReport.

3Chestcompressionsmaybemostimportant

Chestcompressionsmaybemostimportant

Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation,orCPR,cansavethelifeofsomeonewhosehearthasstopped.Theconditioniscalledcardiacarrest.Theheartstopspumpingblood.Thepersonstopsbreathing.Withoutlifesavingmeasures,thebrainstartstodiewithinfourtosixminutes.

CPRcombinesbreathingintothevictim'smouthandrepeatedpressesonthechest.CPRkeepsbloodandoxygenflowingtotheheartandbrain.

However,aJapanesestudyquestionstheusefulnessofmouth-to-mouthbreathing.ThestudywaspublishedintheBritishmedicalmagazine,TheLancet.DoctorsinTokyoexaminedmorethanfourthousandpeoplewhohadsufferedcardiacarrest.Inallthecases,witnessessawtheeventhappen.

Morethanonethousandofthevictimsreceivedsomekindofmedicalassistancefromwitnesses.SevenhundredandtwelvereceivedCPR.Fourhundredandthirty-ninereceivedchestpressesonly.Nomouth-to-mouthrescuebreathsweregiventothem.

TheresearcherssayanykindofCPRimprovedchancesofthepatient'ssurvival.But,theysaidthosepersonstreatedwithonlychestpressessufferedlessbraindamage.Twenty-twopercentsurvivedwithgoodbrainability.OnlytenpercentofthevictimstreatedwithtraditionalCPRsurvivedwithgoodbrainability.

TheAmericanHeartAssociationchangeditsguidanceforCPRchestpressesintwothousandfive.Thegroupsaidpeopleshouldincreasethenumberofchestpressesfromfifteentothirtyforeverytwobreathsgiven.GordonEwyisaheartdoctorattheUniversityofArizonaCollegeofMedicineinTucson.Hewroteareportthatwaspublishedwiththestudy.

DoctorEwythinkstheCPRguidelinesshouldbechangedagain.HesaidtheHeartAssociationshouldremoverescuebreathsfromtheguidelines.HearguesthatmorewitnessestocardiacarrestswouldprovidetreatmentifrescuebreathsarenotapartofCPR.Hesaysthiswouldsavelives.Studiesshowthatmanypeopledonotwanttoperformmouth-to-mouthbreathingonastrangerforfearofgettingadisease.

CardiacarrestkillsmorethanthreehundredthousandpeopleintheUnitedStateseveryyear.TheAmericanHeartAssociationsaysaboutninety-fivepercentofvictimsdiebeforetheygettoamedicalcenter.

4Concussionsareseriousheadinjuries

Concussionsareseriousheadinjuries

Doctorssaytheheadinjurycalledaconcussionismoreseriousforchildrenandyoungadultsthanpeoplemightthink.Theysayconcussionsalsomaytakelongertohealamongyoungpeople.

Aconcussionisaninjurythathappenswhenthebrainisshakeninsidetheskull.Itcanresultfromahittothehead,asuddenstopinmovementorviolentshaking.Fallingoffabicycle,gettinghitwhileplayingasport,orbeinginvolvedinacaraccidentareafewofthecommoncausesofconcussion.

Peoplewhohaveconcussionsoftenhavetroublethinkingorremembering.Concussionscanalsomakeapersonfeelverytiredorangry.Othersignsofconcussionarestomachandheadpain,muscleweaknessandalossinsharpnessofvision.

TheNationalInstitutesofHealthsaysthereareaboutonemillioncasesofconcussionseachyearintheUnitedStates.Hundredsofthousandsofthemaffectchildrenoryoungadultsinvolvedinsports.Someconcussionsaremoreseverethanothers.Butdoctorssayallofthemshouldbetakenseriously.Doctorssaychildrenarenotnecessarilydependablewhenreportingabouttheirphysicalconditionafterasportsinjury.Manywanttogetbackinthegame,onthebike,ortotheplaygroundtoosoonafteraheadinjury.

TheNationalCentersforDiseaseControlinAtlanta,Georgia,hasaprogramtohelphighschoolsportsofficialsdealwiththeproblem.TheCDCprovidesavideoaboutahighschoolfootballplayerwhowaspermanentlydisabledbyasecondconcussion.TheCDCalsoprovidesaguideforrecognizingsignsofconcussionandmeasurestohelppreventthem.

MichaelCollinsisabrainresearcherattheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenterinPennsylvania.Thecenterisamajorresearcherontheeffectsandtreatmentsofconcussion.Hewasoneofseveralresearcherswhohelpeddevelopacomputersoftwareprogramthattestsforconcussionanditslevelofseverity.

MisterCollinssaysconcussionresearchinthelastfiveyearshasprovidedahugeamountofnewinformation.Hesaysyoungathletescanfullyrecoverfromconcussionandcontinuesportsactivities.Buthesaystheymustbesuretogivethebraintimetohealbeforetheheadtakesanotherhit.

5Explainingtheplaceboeffect

Studiesofnewdrugstraditionallyinvolveatleasttwogroupsofpeople.Thepeopleinoneofthosegroupsaregivenonlywhattheythinkisthedrug.Reallytheygetaplacebo--aninactivesubstance.Thedrugisproveneffectiveifitperformsbetterthantheplacebo.

Someresearchersdonotthinkdrugstudiesshoulduseplacebos.Theysayitmakesmoresensetocomparenewmedicinestodrugsalreadyonthemarket.Thenpeoplewouldknowifanewdrugisanybetter.

"Placebo"isLatinfor"Ishallplease."Itmaycontainnothingmorethansugar.

Yetsomepeoplewhoaregivenaplaceboexperienceimprovementsintheirhealth.Thisiscalledtheplaceboeffect.

Somedoctorsusetheplace