outlines of philosophy of education届.docx
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outlinesofphilosophyofeducation届
前言:
1.答案仅供参考(我和卓立整的+师兄师姐的答案),部分题目和上届有差;
2.记得背point,一句一句背很辛苦;
3.水表已卸,节操已碎;
4.此份整理不同于其他答案之处是有encoding的过程,其中有我自己的解读;
5.传说学霸能把老师说的毛线织成毛衣,我能织成的充其量是条围巾,不足之处,欢迎拍砖,欢迎探讨。
#越分享越进步#;
6.答题务必有理论支撑,自圆其说什么的都是骗小孩的。
1.TheRepublic(excerpt):
Theallegoryofcave.Whatdotheimagesinthecavestandfor?
WhatisPlato’sunderstandingofthenatureofeducation?
¢Thecaveistheregionaccessibletosightorperception.(看到的感觉到的世界,没有理性思考的过程)
¢Theworldoutsideandabovethecaveistheintelligibleregion,accessiblenottoperceptionbuttoreasoning.(外部世界:
可以通过理性思考被理解的世界)
¢Theupwardjourneyoutofthecaveintodaylightisthesoul'sascenttotheintelligiblerealm.(出洞:
灵魂上升到一个可以理解、思考的境界)
¢Shadowsonthewallstandforthenotionsofthingsthatpeoplehaveintheirminds,notionsthataremoreorlesscloselyrelatedtothethingsofwhichtheyarenotions.
(墙上的投影:
人们脑子里已有的观念,可能与事实相符也有可能不符)
有些事情是你脑补出来的,可能有一定的事实依据但是不完全准确,比如某些人艰不拆的事实。
当然有的脑补也可能是与事实相符的。
¢Thepuppetsandobjectsfromwhichtheshadowsarecast:
standforwhatwecallrealthings--realrhinos,realcountrieswiththeiractuallivingconditions,andanythingelsethatoneencountersintheworld.(洞里真实存在的小狗和物体:
具体的事物,真实的事物)
¢Thesunstandsfortheideaofgoodnessor"theGood."(太阳:
象征着绝对真理,就像女神一样)。
现在请闭眼,脑补一下女神/男神,然后再想一下以上的内容。
特别提醒:
1.千万不要脑补到马克思主义哲学上去,因为是两个完全不同的体系。
这里的感知指仅仅是看到听到feel到,而没有经过理性思考的东西;2.以上我使用的大部分是这样的话语:
“与事实相符”,“真实”…..而不用“正确”,因为在柏拉图看来,只有太阳才是真理所在。
Inconclusion:
¢TheAllegoryoftheCavedescribesfourstagesthroughwhichapersonhastopasstogetasoundeducation.Thesestagesaredistinguishedbywhatalearnerisabletosee.Anignorantpersoncanseeonlyshadows—withoutevensuspectingthattheyarenotrealthings.
洞穴理论揭示了人接受良好教育的四个阶段。
区分四个阶段的关键在于人看到了什么东西。
无知的人只能看到洞穴里的影子,甚至都不造这不是真的。
¢Afullyeducatedpersoncanseetheshadows,thepuppetsthatcasttheshadows,theoriginalthingsafterwhichthepuppetsaremodeled,andthesunthatmakestheoriginalthingsvisible.
但是一个受过良好教育的人可以看到影子(第一阶段),投射影子的狗狗的样子(第二阶段),看到真实的事物(第三阶段),接受真理(第四阶段)。
Asaresult:
(升华下,也是第二个问题的答案)
¢Educationisnotaputtingofknowledgeintothemindlike“puttingsightintoblindeyes,”buttheartofturningthestudentintherightdirection.
教育并不是把知识放进脑袋,而是引导学生走向正确的方向。
¢Shouldbe...theartoforientation.Educatorsshoulddevisethesimplestandmosteffectivemethodsofturningsoulsaround.Itshouldn'tbetheartofimplantingsightintheorgan,butshouldproceedontheunderstandingthattheorganalreadyhasthecapacity,butisimproperlyalignedandisn'tfacingtherightway.(使灵魂转向)
¢保险起见,加点书上的内容:
(要和美德沾点边,联系到柏拉图的教育目的,就是achievingthegood)
•Thecorrectwaytobringupandeducateachildistousehisplaytimetoimbuehissoulwiththegreatestpossiblelikingfortheoccupationinwhichhewillhavetobeabsolutelyperfectwhenhegrowsup.
•Whatwehaveinmindiseducationfromchildhoodinvirtue,atrainingwhichproducescitizenwhoknowshowtoruleandberuledasjusticedemands.
——————————————华丽丽的分割线————————————
愉快地进入第二Part:
TheEducationofNature:
Rousseau
Educationofnature,educationofmen,educationofthings;Habitvs.nature;Makingamanvs.makingacitizen;Publicandcommoneducationvs.individualanddomesticeducation
1.Educationofnature/men/things:
自然的教育,人的教育,事物的教育(Page44)
•Theinternaldevelopmentofourfacultiesandourorganistheeducationofnature.
(Innowayinourcontrol)
•Theusethatwearetaughttomakeofthisdevelopmentistheeducationofmen.
(Theonlyoneofwhichwearetrulythemaster)
•Whatwerequirefromourownexperienceabouttheobjectwhichaffectsusistheeducationofthings.(Incontrolonlyincertainrespects)
(这部分应该最熟了,平常吹水都用这个,低调奢华有内涵,估计会考个名词解释。
柯女神是善良滴~)
2.Habit&Nature(Page44)
•Nature,wearetold,isonlyhabit.
•Solongasoneremainsinthesamecondition,theinclinationswhichresultfromhabitandaretheleastnaturaltouscanbekept:
butassoonasthesituationchanges,habitceasesarethenaturalreturns.
•Educationiscertainlyonlyhabit.
(Natureishabit→Educationisaboutnature→Educationishabit)
3.Makingaman&Makingacitizen
原理部分:
Weareborninwiththeuseofoursenses,andfromourbirthweareaffectedinvariouswaysbytheobjectssurroundingus.(会被环境影响)
●MakingaCitizen:
(point可能不全,请慎重使用)
•Everyparticularcity,whenitisnarrowandunified,isestrangedfromtheall-encompassingsociety.
•Theessentialthingistobegoodtothepeoplewithwhomonelives.
•Civilmanisonlyafractionalunitydependentonthedenomination.Hisvalueisdeterminedbyhisrelationtothewhole,whichisthesocialbody.
•Hewhoinacivilorderwantstopreservetheprimacyofthesentimentsofnaturedoesnotknowwhathewants.
●Makingaman:
•Naturalmanisentirelyforhimself.Heisnumericalunity,theabsolutewholewhichisrelativelyonlytoitselforitskind.
•Tobesomethingtobeoneselfandalwaysone,amanmustactashespeaks;hemustalwaysbedecisiveinmakinghischoice,makeitinaloftystyle,andalwayssticktoit.
4.Pubiccommoneducation&Individualanddomesticeducation(Page45—46)
(书上是分开讲的,分别是PublicVSIndividual,CommonVSdomestic)
先说他反对的那种:
Publiccommoneducation
Thiseducation,tendingtotwocontraryends,failstoattaineither.Itisfitforonlymakingdoublemen,alwaysappearingtorelateeverythingtoothersandneverrelatinganythingexcepttothemselvesalone.
●Individualanddomesticeducation:
Fromthesecontradictionsisborntheoneweconstantlyexperiencewithinourselves.
Weenditwithouthavingbeenabletoputourselvesinharmonywithourselvesandwithouthavingbeengoodeitherforourselvesorforothers.(个人和谐相处)
●Domesticeducation&Educationofnature
1.Educationofnature:
thenaturemanwouldhavetobeknown.
Inthenatureorder,sincemanareallequal,theircommoncallingisman’sestateandwhoeveriswellraisedforthatcallingcannotfailtofulfillthosecallingsrelatedtoit.(人生而平等,他们共同点在于人的尊严)
HOW?
Whatwemustbedoneistopreventanythingfrombeingdone.
2.Inthesocialorderwhereallpositionsaredetermined,eachmanoughttoberaisedforthis.Educationisusefulonlyinsofarasfortuneisinagreementwiththeparents’vocation.
—————————————华丽丽的分割线——————————————
TheDemocraticConceptioninEducation:
杜威的东西一般都很费解,一遍过你是神.......有的翻译是根据《民主主义与教育》上来的,有的是根据我自己的理解来的,所以有些只写了关键词。
别吐槽这本书了,我觉得王承绪先生太不容易了(吴岩的老师),如果有空的话,一定要为老人家上柱香。
¢1.Whatisdemocracy?
Whataretwotraitsofademocraticsociety?
Whatisdemocraticeducation?
1.Democracy:
(1)Itisnotjustaformofgovernment,butprimarilyamodeofsociallifethatisuniqueinprovidinganadequatesettingforhumanflourishing.
(2)Afreeingofindividualcapacityinaprogressivegrowthdirectedtosocialaims.”
(3)Deweythusconceivesofdemocracyitselfaseducativeinawaythatreconcilesthegoodoftheindividualandthegoodofsociety.(净化人的心智,提升整个社会的道德水平)
2.Twotraitsofademocraticsociety:
(社会成员+不同群体)
(1)Asocietywhichmakesprovisionforparticipationinitsgoodofallitsmembersonequalterms.(制定所有成员必须遵守的法律)
(2)Securesflexiblereadjustmentofitsinstitutionsthroughinteractionofthedifferentformsofassociatedlifeissofardemocratic.(通过社会的交流保证机构灵活调整)
对不起大家了……以我的水平也只能翻译成这样了。
3.Democraticeducation
Atypeofeducationwhichgivesindividualsapersonalinterestinsocialrelationshipsandcontrol,andthehabitsofmindwhichsecuresocialchangeswithoutintroducingdisorder.(在社会关系中赋予公民个人利益,但是必须保证社会变化不会混乱)
¢2.WhatarethestrengthsandcriticsofthePlatoniceducationalphilosophy?
(此处需要联系柏拉图的教育思想,背point就好,重点自找)
(1)Plato’spointisthattheorganizationofsocietydependsultimatelyuponknowledgeoftheendofexistence.
Noonecouldbetterexpressthandidhethefactthatasocietyisstablyorganizedwheneachindividualisdoingthatforwhichhehasaptitudebynatureinsuchawayastobeusefultoothers;andthatitisthebusinessofeducationtodiscovertheseaptitudesandprogressivelytotrainthemforsocialuse.
(社会稳定需要根据每个人的天赋各司其职,通过一定的训练来达到这个目的)
(2)Butconditionswhichhecouldnotintellectuallycontrolledhimtorestricttheseideasintheirapplication.(柏拉图的思想制约了人的发展)
(3)Henevergotanyconceptionoftheindefinitepluralityofactivitieswhichmaycharacterizeanindividualandasocialgroup,andconsequentlylimitedhisviewtoalimitednumberofclasses(阶级)ofcapacitiesandofsocialarrangements.
限制了阶级和社会群体的进步(卧槽怎么像马教)
(4)继续黑:
Therebeingnorecognitionthateachindividualconstituteshisownclass,therecouldbenorecognitionoftheinfinitediversityofactivetendenciesandcombinationsoftendenciesofwhichanindividualiscapable.
(5)Hecouldnottrusttogradualimprovementsineducationtobringaboutabettersocietywhichshouldthenimproveeducation,andsoonindefinitely.Correcteducationcouldnotcomeintoexistenceuntilanidealstateexisted,andafterthateducationwouldbedevotedsimplytoitsconservation.(我先去哭会儿,总算黑到点子上了:
这种教育必须建立在柏拉图所构建的理想国中。
但是社会是不断发展得,教育必须为社会发展服务)
¢3.Whatarethestrengthsandcriticsofthe“individualistic”idealoftheeighteenthcentury?
¢好的方面:
Socialarrangementswerethoughtofasmereexternalexpedientsbywhichthesenonsocialindividualsmightsecureagreateramountofprivatehappinessofthemselves.(怎么说呢……)个人主义
1.“Nature”stillmeanssomethingantitheticaltoexistingsocialorganization.
(自然仍和社会组织相对立)
Thevoiceofnaturenowspeaksforthediversityofindividualtalentandfortheneedoffreedevelopmentofindividualityinallitsvariety.Educationinaccordwithnaturefurnishesthegoalandthemethodofinstructionanddiscipline.
(现在指个人才能和自由发展需求不同,相对应地,教育的目的和方法不同)
2.Moreover,thenativ