The Theory and Practice of Translation汇总.docx

The Theory and Practice of Translation汇总.docx

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TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation汇总

PREFACE

1.Thetheoryandpracticeoftranslationisthelogicaloutgrowthoftowardsascienceoftranslating（1964）.

2.Thisbookisdesignedtoassistthetranslatortomasterthetheoreticalelementsandtogaincertainpracticalskillsinlearningtocarryoutprocedures.

3.Thoughitincludesscientificorientationtolinguisticstructures,semanticanalysisandinformationtheory,itknowsthattranslatingisascienceandaskill,andintheultimateanalysis,anart.

4.ItincludesillustrativedatadrawnprimarilyfromBibletranslating—theconcernofthebook’stargetreaderandbackgroundexperienceofauthors.

5.Bibletranslating:

agreatervarietyofcultures,awiderrangeofliterarytypesthananycomparablekindoftranslating.

1.ANEWCONCEPTOFTRANSLATING

1.Bibletranslationhaslongsinceexistedwhileunderlyingtheoriesoftranslatinghasn’tcaughtupwithskilldevelopment.

2.Practicaltranslationemphasizesintelligibility,amatteroflifeanddeath.

3.Theoldfocusoftranslatingismessageform,delightinreproducestylisticspecialties,rhythm,rhyme,chiasmus,parallel.Thenewfocushasshiftedfromtheformofmessagetotheresponseofreceptor.Theresponsemustbecomparedwiththatbytheoriginalreceptor.

4.Correctnessisdependentonreaders’comprehensionextent.

5.Differentsocio-educationallevelsofspeechandcomprehensionsnecessitatedifferentlevelsoftranslationarerequired,ifallaretounderstandequally.

6.Testofcomprehensibilityisconcernedwithdiscoveringandeliminatingtwotypesofexpressions:

1.Thoselikelytobemisunderstood;2.Sodifficultandheavyastodiscourageattempttocomprehend.

7.Whenahighpercentageofpeoplemisunderstandarendering,itcan’tberegardedasalegitimatetranslation.Besides,atranslationmaybetoostylisticallyheavytomakeunderstandingimpossible.

8.Eachlanguagehasitsowngenius,namelycharacteristics.

9.Insteadofreproducingformalstructureofonelanguageinanother,theeffectivetranslateshouldmakeanyandallformalchangesinthereceptorlanguage.

10.Anythingthatcanbesaidinonelanguagecanbesaidinanother,unlesstheformisanessentialelementofthemessage,forinstance,theacrosticfeatures（藏头诗，首字母连起来是人名）andfrequentintentionalalliteration,weshouldsacrificeformalnicetiesforthesakeofcontent.

11.SinceEnglishusesverbsmore,inGreektranslationintoEnglish,verbalexpressionshouldbeadvised,andthisisnotonlyright,butalsoessential.Theextentofformchangeisdependentonthelinguisticandculturaldistancebetweenlanguages.LeastformalchangeisrequiredinthecaseofUSAandGermany,whichpossesssimilarculturalsettings.

12.ThelanguageoftheBiblearesubjecttothesamelimitationsasanyothernaturallanguage.ThewritersoftheBiblicalbooksexpecttobeunderstood.Thetranslatormustattempttoreproducethemeaningofapassageasunderstoodbythewriter.Wemustnotgobehindoraheadofthewriter.

2.THENATUREOFTRANSLATING

1.Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.

2.Thetranslatormuststriveforequivalenceratherthanidentity.

3.AgoodtranslationoftheBibleisnotaculturaltranslation,butalinguistictranslation.

4.Fourpriorities:

a.Contextualconsistencyhaspriorityoververbalconsistence/word-for-wordconcordance（Reason:

1.Eachlanguagecoversallofexperiencewithasetofverbalsymbols,namely,wordstodesignatevariousfeaturesofexperience;2.Eachlanguageisdifferentfromallotherlanguagesinwaysinwhichthesetsofverbalsymbolsclassifythevariouselementsofexperience）;b.dynamicequivalencehaspriorityoverformalcorrespondence（Dynamicequivalenceisnotnecessarilyaninferiorandlessaccuratemethodoftranslation,since,accuracyisdeterminedbythedegreeofcomprehensionbythereceptorscomparedtothatbytheoriginalreceptors）;c.theaural/heardformoflanguagehaspriorityoverthewrittenform（morewillhearthescripturesreadthanreadthemselves）;d.formsthatareusedbyandacceptabletotheintendedaudiencehaveprioritiesoverformsthoughttobetraditionallymoreprestigious（Greatimportanceshouldbeattachedtotheformsacceptedbytheaudiencethanthosewithlongerlinguistictraditionorliteraryprestige）.

5.Dynamicequivalenceisdefinedintermsofthedegreeofcomprehensionbythereceptorsofthemessageinthereceptorlanguage,whorespondtoitinthesamemannerasthereceptorinthesourcelanguage.Theresponseisnotidentical,forcultural/historicalsettings.

6.Theinformativefunction:

onlyservedbyathoroughlyunderstandabletranslation;theexpressivefunction:

dynamicequivalenceintranslationismorethancorrectcommunicationofinformation.Peoplemustfeelaswellasunderstandwhatissaid;theimperativefunction:

inthecaseofBible,thedocumentnotonlydescribestheactsofGod,butalsoannouncesguidingprinciplesforproperhumanconduct.Therenderingsshouldbesufficientlyclear,inoldandcurrenttimes.

7.（4c）Thingstobearinmindifoneistoanticipatetheproblemsofthehearer:

1.Capitalizationisnotsufficienttocorrectthemeaningofotherwiseambiguousormisleadingtranslation（spirit）;2.Onemustnotdependonthespellingtocorrectotherwisemisleadingpronunciations（lyres/liars）;3.Termswhicharevulgarinpronunciationshouldn’tbeusedinthetext,evenwhenthewrittenformdoesn’tseemvulgar（ass）;4.Thepunctuationshouldn’tbeemployedinanarbitrarymannertocorrectotherwisemisleadinggrammaticalarrangements;5.Answerstorhetoricalquestionsmustbeoftenprovided,sothatthehearerwon’tmisunderstandwhat’sinvolved;6.Unintentionaloralpunsshouldbecarefullyavoided;7.TheformsofpropernamesshouldbecompletelyadjustedtothephonologicalsystemofthereceptorlanguagesoasnottoprovidespecialproblemsforthosewhomustreadtheScriptures;8.Meaninglessnessshouldbeavoidedinatext;9.Overloadingofthetranslationshouldbecarefullyavoided.

8.（4d）3typesofScriptures（withliterarytraditionandbiblicaltext）arenecessary:

1.Atranslationwhichwillreflectthetraditionalusageandbeusedinthechurches,largelyforliturgicalpurposes;2.Atranslationinthepresent-dayliterarylanguage,soastocommunicatetothewell-educatedconstituency;3.Atranslationinthecommonorpopularlanguage,whichisknowntoandusedbythecommonpeople,andwhichisatthesametimeacceptableasastandardforpublishedmaterials.

9.（4d）Inlanguageswithoutliterarytraditionorbiblicaltext,onemustacceptasthenormtheoralformofspeechusedinformaldiscourse.

10.（4d）Insettinguppriorities,thefollowingaretobeconsidered:

1.non-ChristianshavepriorityoverChristians;2.theuseoflanguagebypersons25-30yearsofagehaspriorityoverthelanguageoftheolderpeopleorofchildren;3.Incertainsituationsthespeechofwomenshouldhavepriorityoverthespeechofmen

3.GRAMMATICALANALYSIS

1.2systemsfortranslating:

1.Setupaseriesofrulesintendedtobeappliedstrictlyinorderanddesignedtospecifywhat’stobedonewithitemsinthesourcelanguagesoastoselecttheappropriatecorrespondingforminthereceptorlanguage;2.Amoreelaborateprocedurewith3stages:

analysis（grammaticalrelationships/wordorword-combinationmeaning）–transfer（inthemindoftranslatorfromsourcetotargetlanguage）–restructuring（tomakethefinalmessagefullyacceptableinthereceptorlanguage）.The2ndtranslationsystem,thoughseemingroundabout,ismorethoroughandinstructiveforthetraining/honingoftranslationtechniquesthanthe1stone.

2.3majorstepsinanalysis:

1.determinethemeaningfulrelationshipsbetweenthewordsandcombinationsofwords;2.Thereferentialmeaningofthewordsandspecialcombinationsofwords;3.Theconnotativemeaning,likehowtheusersofthelanguagereact,positivelyornegativelytothewordsorcombinationsofthem.

3.目录表：

Grammarhasmeaning;thesamegrammaticalconstructionmayhavemanydifferentmeanings;kernelsentences;wordswithcomplexstructures;classesofstructurallycomplexterms;therelationshipofsurfacestructuretokernels;relationshipofelementsinso-calledpossessiveconstruction;determiningthestructuralroleofelementsbymeansofthecontext;back-transformationsasatypeofparaphrase;differentconstructionsmayexpressthesamemeaningfulrelationshipbetweentheparts;grammaticaltransformationsfromkernels;theanalysisofseriesofkernels;

4.Object（designatethingsthatparticipateinevents）,event（designateaction,likerun,jump）,abstract（quantity,quality,degreeofobjects,events,likered/quickly/two/many）,relation（meaningfulconnectionsbetweentheotherkindsofterms）

5.Eventsexpressedasverbs,objectsasnouns,abstractsasadoradv,relationalsasprepositions/conjunctionsarewhatlinguistscall“kernels”.

6.Classesofstructurallycomplexterms:

O-E（theobjectelementperformstheevent,disciple/player/heir/sinner）,E-O（theobjectelementisthegoaloftheevent,gift/apostle/doctrine）,E-A（theabstractqualifiestheimpliedgoaloftheevent,sanctify/justify）,O-E-A（theobjectelementperformsaneventtoanimplicitgoalwhichacquiresaparticularquality,sanctifier/justifier）,E-R（aneventwithanimpliedrelationship,reconcile,toactasanagentbetweenothers）

7.Back-formationasatypeofparaphraseofasurfacestructuretotheunderlyingkernelshavethreespecificfeatures:

1.Intralingualratherthaninter