三十六计英文版 ThirtySix Stratagems文档格式.docx

三十六计英文版 ThirtySix Stratagems文档格式.docx

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ngwasageneralwhohadservedSouthernQisincethefirstEmperorGaoofthedynasty.WhenEmperorMingcametopowerandexecutedmanymembersofthecourtandroyalfamilyforfearthattheywouldthreatenhisreign,Wá

ngbelievedthathewouldbetargetednextandrebelled.AsWá

ngreceivednewsthatXiaoBaojuan,sonandcrownprinceofEmperorMing,hadescapedinhasteafterlearningoftherebellion,hecommentedthat"

ofthethirty-sixstratagemsofLordTá

n,retreatwashisbest,youfatherandsonshouldrunforsure."

[2]LordTá

nherereferstogeneralTanDaojioftheLiuSongDynasty,whowasforcedtoretreatafterhisfailedattackonNorthernWei,andWá

ngmentionedhisnameincontemptasanexampleofcowardice.[3]

Itshouldbenotedthatthenumberthirty-sixwasusedbyWá

ngasafigureofspeechinthiscontext,andismeanttodenotenumerousstratagemsinsteadofanyspecificnumber.Wá

ng'

schoiceofthistermwasinreferencetotheIChing,wheresixisthenumberofYinthatsharedmanycharacteristicswiththedarkschemesinvolvedinmilitarystrategy.Asthirty-sixisthesquareofsix,itthereforeactedasametaphorfornumerousstrategies.[3]SinceWá

ngwasnotreferringtoanythirty-sixspecificstratagemshowever,thethirty-sixproverbsandtheirconnectiontomilitarystrategiesandtacticsarelikelytohavebeencreatedafterthefact,withthecollectiononlyborrowingitsnamefromWá

ssaying.[4]

TheThirty-SixStratagemshavevariablybeenattributedtoSunTzufromtheSpringandAutumnPeriodofChina,orZhugeLiangoftheThreeKingdomsperiod,butneitherareregardedasthetrueauthorbyhistorians.Instead,theprevailingviewisthattheThirty-SixStratagemsmayhaveoriginatedinbothwrittenandoralhistory,withmanydifferentversionscompiledbydifferentauthorsthroughoutChinesehistory.SomestratagemsreferenceoccurrencesinthetimeofSunBin,approx.150yearsafterSunWu'

sdeath.[4]

Theoriginalhand-copiedpaperbackthatisthebasisofthecurrentversionwasbelievedtohavebeendiscoveredinChina'

sShaanxiprovince,ofanunknowndateandauthor,andputintoprintbyalocalpublisherin1941.TheThirty-SixStratagemsonlycametothepublic'

sattentionafterareviewofitwaspublishedintheChineseCommunistParty'

sGuangmingDaily（光明日報／光明日报）newspaperonSeptember16,1961.Itwassubsequentlyreprintedanddistributedwithgrowingpopularity.[4]

Thirty-SixStratagems

TheThirty-SixStratagemsaredividedintoapreface,sixchapterscontainingsixstratagemseach,andanafterwordthatwasincompletewithmissingtext.Thefirstthreechaptersgenerallydescribetacticsforuseinadvantageoussituations,whereasthelastthreechapterscontainstratagemsthataremoresuitablefordisadvantageoussituations.Theyareintheformoffour-characteridioms.Eachproverbisaccompaniedbyashortcomment,nolongerthanasentenceortwo,thatexplainshowsaidproverbisapplicabletomilitarytactics.These36Chineseproverbsarerelatedto36battlescenariosinChinesehistoryandfolklore,predominantlyoftheWarringStatesPeriodandtheThreeKingdomsPeriod.

Chapter1:

WinningStratagems（勝戰計）

Deceivetheheavenstocrosstheocean[5]

Preparetoomuchandyoulosesightofthebigpicture;

whatyouseeoftenyoudonotdoubt.Yin（theartofdeception）isinYang（actinginopen）.ToomuchYang（transparency）hidesYin（trueruses）.

Thisstratagemreferencesanepisodein643AD,whenEmperorTaizongofTang,balkedfromcrossingtheseatoacampaignagainstKoguryo.HisgeneralXueRenguithoughtofastratagemtogettheemperoracrossandallayhisfearofseasickness:

onaclearday,theemperorwasinvitedtomeetawiseman.Theyenteredthroughadarktunnelintoahallwheretheyfeasted.Afterfeastingseveraldays,theEmperorheardthesoundofwavesandrealisedthathehadbeenluredontoaship!

GeneralXuedrewasidethecurtainstorevealtheoceanandconfessedthattheyhadalreadycrossedthesea:

Upondiscoveringthis,theemperordecidedtocarryonandlatercompletedthesuccessfulcampaign.

Thisstratagemmeansthatyoucanmaskyourrealgoals,byusingtheruseofafakegoalthateveryonetakesforgranted,untiltherealgoalisachieved.Tactically,thisisknownasan'

openfeint'

;

infrontofeveryone,youpointwest,whenyourgoalisactuallyintheeast.Bythetimeeveryonerealisedit,youhavealreadyachievedyourgoal.HarrovonSengernotesintheGerman-Language"

DieList"

thattograspthefullmeaning,itwouldbesomethinglike"

todeceivetheholyvirginMary"

intheWest.

Thisstratagemmakesuseofthehumanfailingtobecomeunawareofcommoneverydayactivities,oreventsthatappearnormal.Thebestsecretsarecarriedoutinbroaddaylight.Thebesthoaxistorepeatitsooftenthatpeopleareconvincedthatthenextmoveisalsoahoax.Whenthishappens,itisthebestmomenttocarryoutone'

spreviouslyhiddentrueobjective.

BesiegeWè

itorescueZhà

o[6]

Whentheenemyistoostrongtobeattackeddirectly,thenattacksomethingheholdsdear.Knowthathecannotbesuperiorinallthings.Somewherethereisagapinthearmour,aweaknessthatcanbeattackedinstead.

TheoriginofthisproverbisfromtheWarringStatesPeriod.ThestateofWè

iattackedZhaoandlaidsiegetoitscapitalHandan.Zhà

oturnedtoQí

forhelp,buttheQí

generalSunBindetermineditwouldbeunwisetomeetthearmyofWè

iheadon,soheinsteadattackedtheircapitalatDaliang.ThearmyofWè

iretreatedinhaste,andthetiredtroopswereambushedanddefeatedattheBattleofGuiling,withtheWè

igeneralPangJuanslainonthefield.NotethatthiscampaignisalsodescribedexplicitlyintheArtofWarofMasterSunBintheyounger.

Theideahereistoavoidaheadonbattlewithastrongenemy,andinsteadstrikeathisweaknesselsewhere.Thiswillforcethestrongenemytoretreatinordertosupporthisweakness.Battlingagainstthenowtiredandlow-moraleenemywillgiveamuchhigherchanceofsuccess.

Killwithaborrowedknife[7]

Attackusingthestrengthofanother（inasituationwhereusingone'

sownstrengthisnotfavourable）.Trickanallyintoattackinghim,bribeanofficialtoturntraitor,orusetheenemy'

sownstrengthagainsthim.

Theideahereistocausedamagetotheenemybygettinga3rdpartytodothedeed.

Leisurelyawaitforthelaboured[8]

Itisanadvantagetochoosethetimeandplaceforbattle.Inthiswayyouknowwhenandwherethebattlewilltakeplace,whileyourenemydoesnot.Encourageyourenemytoexpendhisenergyinfutilequestswhileyouconserveyourstrength.Whenheisexhaustedandconfused,youattackwithenergyandpurpose.

Theideaistohaveyourtroopswell-preparedforbattle,inthesametimethattheenemyisrushingtofightagainstyou.Thiswillgiveyourtroopsahugeadvantageintheupcomingbattle,ofwhichyouwillgettoselectthetimeandplace.

Lootaburninghouse[9]

Whenacountryisbesetbyinternalconflicts,whendiseaseandfamineravagethepopulation,whencorruptionandcrimearerampant,thenitwillbeunabletodealwithanoutsidethreat.Thisisthetimetoattack.

Keepgatheringinternalinformationaboutanenemy.Iftheenemyiscurrentlyinitsweakeststateever,attackitwithoutmercyandtotallydestroyittopreventfuturetroubles.

Makeasoundintheeast,thenstrikeinthewest[10]

Inanybattletheelementofsurprisecanprovideanoverwhelmingadvantage.Evenwhenfacetofacewithanenemy,surprisecanstillbeemployedbyattackingwhereheleastexpectsit.Todothisyoumustcreateanexpectationintheenemy'

smindthroughtheuseofafeint.

Theideahereistogettheenemytofocushisforcesinalocation,andthenattackelsewherewhichwouldbeweaklydefended.

Chapter2:

EnemyDealingStratagems（敵戰計）

Createsomethingfromnothing（無中生有／无中生有,Wú

zhōngshēngyǒu）

Aplainlie.Makesomebodybelievetherewassomethingwhenthereisinfactnothing.

Onemethodofusingthisstratagemistocreateanillusionofsomething'

sexistence,whileitdoesnotexist.Anothermethodistocreateanillusionthatsomethingdoesnotexist,whileitdoes.

Openlyrepairthegalleryroads,butsneakthroughthepassageofChencang（明修棧道,暗渡陳倉／明修栈道,暗渡陈仓,Mí

ngxiūzhà

ndà

o,à

ndù

ché

ncāng）

Deceivetheenemywithanobviousapproachthatwilltakeaverylongtime,whilesurprisinghimbytakingashortcutandsneakuptohim.Astheenemyconcentratesonthedecoy,hewillmissyousneakinguptohim.

ThephraseoriginatedfromtheChu-Hancontention,whereLiuBangretreatedtothelandsofSichuantoprepareforaconfrontationwithXiangYu.Oncehewasfullyprepared,LiuBangsentmentoopenlyrepairthegalleryroadshehaddestroyedearlier,whilesecretlymovinghistroopstowardsGuanzhongthroughthesmalltownofChencanginstead.WhenXiangYureceivednewsofLiuBangrepairingthegalleryroads,hedismissedthethreatsinceheknewtherepairswouldtakeyearstocomplete.ThisallowedLiuBangtoretakeGuanzhongbysurprise,andeventuallyledtohisvictoryoverXiangYuandthebirthoftheHanDynasty.

Thistacticisanextensionofthe"

Makeasoundintheeast,thenstrikeinthewest"

tactic.Butinsteadof