新编简明英语语言学教程Word文件下载.docx

新编简明英语语言学教程Word文件下载.docx

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1.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

2.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

3.Dualityisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

4.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

5.Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

6.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.

7.Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

8.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

9.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.

10.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageassecondary.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

1.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.arbitrarinessB.displacementC.dualityD.Meaningfulness

2.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because______.

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue

D.alloftheabove.

3.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa________studyoflanguage.

A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative

4.Saussuretooka（n）________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma______pointofview.

A.sociological,psychological

B.psychological,sociological

C.applied,pragmatic

D.semantic,linguistic

5.AccordingtoSaussure,______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.language

6.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_______andmeaning.

A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas

7.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_______.

A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission

8.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough_______ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandB

9.Whichofthefollowingwordsisnotmotivated?

A.bangB.blackboardC.penD.meow

10.Whatisthefunctionofthesentence:

“Hi!

Howareyouthismorning?

”

A.emotivefunctionB.conativefunction

C.poeticfunctionD.phaticfunction

IV.Termsexplanation

1.linguistics:

Linguisticisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

3.arbitrariness:

Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

4.productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

5.displacement:

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

6.langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

7.parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

8.competence:

Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

9.performance:

Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

10.duality:

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.

V.Shortanswerquestions

1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

2.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

3.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

4.Whatarethemajordistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?

5.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

6.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

7.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?

Why?

8.WhatarethemainfunctionsoflanguageaccordingtoJacobson’sframework?

9.ExplainsthethreemacrofunctionsoflanguageinHolliday’ssystem.

10.Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?

Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?

第二

QuizofLinguistics

1.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.（T）

2.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.（T）

3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.（F）

4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.（F）

5.Ofallthespeechorgans,thelipsarethemostflexible.（F）

6.Aphonemecanberepresentedbydifferentphonesinspecificphoneticcontexts.

（T）

7.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallbilabial.（T）

8. 

Whenpitch, 

stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation, 

theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.（T）

9.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureofpalatal.（F）

10.Insuchsoundcombinationsas/bi:

p/,/geip/and/su:

p/,thevoicelessstop/p/,occurringinthefinalposition,isunaspirated,i.e.pronouncedwiththestrongpuffofairwithheldtosomeextent.（F）

II.MultipleChoiceItems

1.Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies___D__.

A.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech

B.theperceptionofsounds

C.thecombinationofsounds

D.theproductionofsounds

2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin___B____

A.theplaceofarticulationB.theobstructionofairstream

C.thepositionofthetongueD.theshapeofthelips

3.Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:

p,k,t?

A

A.voicelessB.spreadC.voicedD.nasal

4.Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishesthe/p/in“please”andthe/p/in“speak”?

B

A.voicingB.aspirationC.roundnessD.nasality

5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?

D

A.voicingB.nasalC.approximationD.aspiration

6.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonant/k/are___B_.

A.voicedstopB.voicelessstopC.voicedfricativeD.voicelessfricative

7./p/isdifferentfrom/k/in____D____.

A.themannerofarticulationB.theshapeofthelips

C.thevibrationofthevocalcordsD.theplaceofarticulation

8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin___D__.

A.aspirationB.nasalityC.ObstructionD.Voicing

9.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics, 

thelongestestablished, 

anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped, 

is__C___phonetics.

A.auditory 

B.acoustic 

C.articulatory 

D.noneoftheabovethree

10.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof___B_.

A.palatal 

B.alveolar

C.bilabial 

D.dental

III.TermExplanation

1.phonemeAphonemeisaphonologicalunit;

itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.

2.allophoneThedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

3.phonologyPhonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;

itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

4.phoneticsPhoneticsisofageneralnature；

itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;

howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.

5.supersegmentalfeaturesThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled 

suprasegmentalfeatures.

IV.