英语人际称谓中的性别歧视Word格式文档下载.docx

英语人际称谓中的性别歧视Word格式文档下载.docx

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BaojiUniversityofArtsandSciencesinpartialfulfillmentof

therequirementforthedegreeof

BACHELOROFARTS

in

ENGLISHLANGUAGE

Baoji,Shaanxi

May,2014

Abstract:

Appellation,asanimportantpartoflanguagesystem,hasacloserelationwithgender.AndtherelationshipbetweenEnglishinterpersonalappellationandgenderdiscriminationhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantareaofsociolinguisticsinrecentyears.Hence,thispaperintendstoemphaticallyresearchthephenomenaandthecausesofgenderdiscriminationinEnglishinterpersonalappellationandcomestoaconclusionthatgenderdiscriminationinEnglishinterpersonalappellationcannotdisappear.Thispaperfirstexplainsthedefinitionoftheappellationandgenderdiscrimination,andthengoesontodiscusshowdiscriminationagainstfemalesisrevealedinnames,socialidentityandthereference.Itthenanalyzesthecausesofgenderdiscriminationfromthehistorical,socialandreligiousperspective.Toeradicatethesexualdiscriminationinappellation,peopleneedtoeradicatetheconceptofgenderdiscriminationinthesociety,changethestatusofamale-dominatedsociety,andmakepeoplebeawareoftruesenseofequalitybetweenmalesandfemaletogivefemaleequalrespectandattention.Hence,thedetailedwaysofeliminatinggenderdiscriminationwillbediscussedinthispaper.

Keywords:

Englishinterpersonalappellation;

genderdiscrimination;

equality

杨岱玉

【内容摘要】:

人际称谓，作为语言系统的一个重要组成部分，与性别有着密切的关系。

近年来，英语人际称谓和性别歧视之间的关系在社会语言学中已经成为一个越来越重要的领域。

因此，本文试图着重分析英语人际称谓中的性别歧视的现象和原因，并得出结论，其中的性别歧视就不会消失。

本文首先从定义上阐述了人际称谓和性别歧视这两个术语，并进一步地讨论对女性的歧视是如何体现在姓名，交际，指代称谓这三个方面的，继而从历史的，社会的，宗教的观点分析了性别歧视的原因。

本文也探讨了消除性别歧视的具体方法。

想要消除英语人际称谓中的性别歧视，人们需要根除性别歧视在社会的概念，改变这个男性主导社会的地位，使人们意识到真正意义上的男性和女性之间的平等，给女性平等的尊重和关注。

【关键词】:

英语人际称谓；

性别歧视；

平等

CONTENTS

Ⅰ.Introduction………………………………………………………….…..…1

Ⅱ.GenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation…………………………………………..…….…….……......2

2.1Interpersonalappellation………………………………….…….……2

2.2Genderdiscrimination……………………………………………....…3

2.3ManifestationofgenderdiscriminationphenomenainEnglishinterpersonalappellation……………………………………………......…4

2.3.1Names…………………………………..………………….………….…4

2.3.2Socialidentity………….………………………………….……………5

2.3.3Reference…………………………….…………………….……………6

Ⅲ.TheCausesofGenderDiscriminationPhenomenoninEnglishInterpersonalAppellation..…….………………...…7

3.1Thehistoricalcondition………………………………….……………7

3.2Thesocialbackground……………………………….……………..…8

3.3Thereligiouscauses………………………………..….……………..…9

Ⅳ.EliminatingGenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation…….……………………………………10

4.1Temporarysolution……………………..…………………….………10

4.2Permanentsolution………………………………………...….………11

Ⅴ.Conclusion……………………………………….………….……...….…12

References…………………………………………………….……..…………14

Acknowledgements…………………………………………….……………15

Ⅰ.Introduction

Foralongtime,genderdiscriminationhasexistedinthesocietyofeveryculture,hasinfluencedpeople’sperspectivesandvaluesandhasleavedadeepimprintera.Historicallyandsociologically,people’ssocietyisman-orientedandman-centered.“Englishisandocentricbecausecenturieshasbeenevolvinginasocietywheremenhavebeendominant.”（Miller﹠Swift,2007:

83）Women,regardedbeenaweakergenderinsociety,arediscriminatedforalongperiodandcompletelysubordinatedinpoliticallife,economiclifeandevenfamilylifeinthesocietydominatedbymen.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,sexualdiscriminationbegantofadeslowly,butitstillexistsandembodiesinvariousfieldsofsociety.Unavoidably,thiskindofphenomenonhasalsobeenembodiedinEnglishlanguage.

Languageandgenderdiscriminationisapopularresearchtopicinlinguisticsandsociallinguistics.Linguistswhoarebothathomeandabroadhavedonealotofmeaningfulexploration,andprovethatthereisgenderdiscriminationinlanguage,andthenexpoundthecausesofgenderdiscrimination.Forexample,Lakoffputforwardtheterm“Women’sLanguage”andpublishedLanguageandWoman’sPlacein1973.Inhisbook,hepointedthatmaleisatthecenterposition,andfemale’simageisincompleteintheworldpicturereflectedbylanguage.Genderdifferenceintheirlanguageuseistheembodimentoftheunequalsocialstatusbetweenmaleandfemale.Itestablishedthelaterfundamentalkeystudiesthatexploredandconfirmedmenandwomen’sdifferencesinlanguage.Asanimportantcomponentofthevocabularysystemoflanguage,interpersonalappellationhasthesamegenderdifference.Infact,ChinesescholarstriedtoresearchtheEnglishinterpersonalappellation.SomescholarsmakeacomparisonbetweenEnglishinterpersonalappellationandChineseinterpersonalappellation,andChinesescholarsresearchandanalyzesomerelatedphenomenaandoriginsofgenderdiscriminationinChineseinterpersonalappellation.Thesescholars’researchesmakepeoplerealizethegenderdiscriminationininterpersonalappellationandunderstandsomerelatedcausesofthegenderdiscrimination.Theresearchaboutgenderdiscriminationininterpersonalappellationarenotenoughcomprehensiveandneedtomakethefurtheranalysisandresearch,especiallytheinfluencesforsociety.

However,manyscholarsresearchthegenderdiscriminationinChineseinterpersonalappellation.Hence,thispaperfocusesongenderdiscriminationinEnglishinterpersonalappellation,analyzesgenderdiscriminationphenomenainEnglishinterpersonalappellationandtherelevantcauses,andputsforwardthemeasuresofeliminatinggenderdiscrimination.Ofcourse,thispaperstressesespeciallytheanalysisofthephenomenaofthediscriminationagainstfemaleinEnglishinterpersonalappellation,whichreformstopromotetheevolutionofthelanguagetowardstherealizationofequalitybetweenmenandwomen.

Ⅱ.GenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation

Asasocialproblemwithalonghistory,genderdiscriminationexistsinanylanguage,reflectingthedependenceanddiscriminationfromwhichwomensufferinasocietydominatedbymen.Inthefollowing,interpersonalappellation,genderdiscriminationanddiscriminationphenomenoninEnglishinterpersonalappellationwillbeillustrated.

2.1Interpersonalappellation

Interpersonalappellationisawordorwordsbywhichsomeoneiscalledandclassifiedordistinguishedfromothers.Interpersonalappellationisthecallofidentityorthenameofonepartytoanotherincertainlanguageenvironment,whichusedtobecalledthenameoffamilyrelationshipornot.“Interpersonalappellationisanindispensablepartofthecompletesemanticsystem,whichhaswidelyappliedinsociallife.”（Su,2010:

29）Interpersonalappellationthatisthesalutationtoothersisnotonlyalanguagephenomenon,butalsosocialandculturalphenomenon.Inanylanguage,interpersonalappellationplaysanessentialroleinsocialetiquette.Inreality,interpersonalappellationistheperson’sdeixisthatspeakerusedtocallothersinlanguagecommunication.Interpersonalappellationnotonlyexpressesrespect,intimacy,contemptandotherfeelingsofthespeakertothelistener,butalsoplaysarolethatestablishakindofspecificsocialrelationsbetweenthem.Atthesametime,itwouldreflectparticularculturallevelandthetraditionalconsumerhabits,historicalbackgroundandvariousculturalfactors.Inallethnicgroupsindailycommunication,appellationplaysanimportantrole,whichnotonlyhasthefunctionofpersonaldeixis,butalsohasthefunctionofpoliteness.Forthedifferentvaluesandculturalbackgroundbetweenthevariousnationalities,thenumberofwordsandreferentialscopeisdifferentindifferentnationalities

2.2Genderdiscrimination

Likeracialdiscriminationandagediscrimination,genderdiscriminationisalsoregardedasakindofideology,whichisakindofideologyofmaintainingtheinequalitybetweenmaleandfemale.“Genderdiscriminationismainlytoadvocatetherationalityofthemensuperiortowomenthroughthestressandexaggerationofthenaturalandphysiologicaldifferences.”（Wang,2007:

53）Genderdiscriminationisacommonphenomenonofhumansociety,anditusuallyreferstodiscriminationofmenagainstwomen,whichistheprejudiceagainstfemaleandthereflectionofunequalsocialstatusbetweenmaleandfemale.“Womenhavelongbeenregardedastheweaker/secondsexandthemen'

sfoilandaccessories.”（Chen,2012:

45）Sotospeak,genderdiscriminationistheunequaltreatmentofmembersofonegendertothemembersofanothergender,especiallytheunequaltreatmentofmentowomen.

Genderdiscriminationagainstfemalemainlymanifestsintheemployment,familiallife,work,socialstatusandthelanguage.However,inthelanguage,genderdiscriminationembodiesinEnglishwordformation,wordorder,semanticchanges,interpersonalappellationandsoon.InEnglishwordformation,therearemanyprofessionalwordsmadeupofasuffix“-man”,suchas,spokesman，congressman，freshman，sportsman，chairmanetc.,whichobviouslyignoredtheexistenceofthefemale.Inwordorder,Englishwordsoftenabidebytheprinciples:

Masculinityinformer,femininityinlatter.However,LadiesandGentlemenisanexception.Mr.Mrs.Smith;

husbandandwife;

KingandQueen;

fatherandmother;

brotherandsistersarethebestexamples.Insemanticchanges,somefemalewords’meaningsarecommendatory,butlaterslowlyturnintoderogatoryterm.Forexample,InBritain,