考研英语冲刺考研英语阅读真题和答案Word格式文档下载.docx

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sandDr.deWaal'

sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.

　　Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods（andmuchpreferabletocucumbers）.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber（withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit）wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

　　Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

　　1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby

　　[A]posingacontrast.

　　[B]justifyinganassumption.

　　[C]makingacomparison.

　　[D]explainingaphenomenon.

　　2.Thestatement"

itisalltoomonkey"

（Lastline,Paragraph1）impliesthat

　　[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.

　　[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys'

nature.

　　[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.

　　[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.

　　3.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare

　　[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.

　　[B]attentivetoresearchers'

instructions.

　　[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.

　　[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions.

　　4.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys

　　[A]prefergrapestocucumbers.

　　[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings.

　　[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.

　　[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.

　　5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

　　[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions

　　[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

　　[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.

　　[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.

　　参考答案：

CBACBText2

　　Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'

tknowforsure?

Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?

Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?

LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

　　Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthatEarth'

satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel'

sreport:

"

Scienceneverhasalltheanswer.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions."

　　Justasonsmoking,voicenowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit'

sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:

bythetime100percentpeopleoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

　　Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'

sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident'

sadvisersstilldon'

ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseof"

paralysisbyanalysis."

　　Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon'

ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

　　6.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat.

　　[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.

　　[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

　　[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife

　　[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense

　　7.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas

　　[A]aprotector.

　　[B]ajudge

　　[C]acritic

　　[D]aguide

　　8.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"

paralysisbyanalysis"

（Lastline,Paragraph4）?

　　[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.

　　[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth

　　[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress

　　[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making

　　9.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?

　　[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants

　　[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation

　　[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch

　　[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures

　　10.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause

　　[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment'

snegligence.

　　[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.

　　[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.

　　[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.

CDADB　Text3

　　Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'

ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeakAcenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears,bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust"

mentalnoise"

-therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind'

semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis"

off-line"

.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter."

It'

syourdream,"

saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago'

sMedicalCenter."

Ifyoudon'

tlikeit,changeit"

　　Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM（rapideyemovement）sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem（the"

emotionalbrain"

）isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontedcortex（thecenterofintellectandreasoning）isrelativelyquiet."

Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday,"

saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.

　　ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright'

sclinicMostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'

talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'

sevents-until,itappears,webegintodream.

　　Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisu