语言学名词课后测试题Word文档格式.docx

语言学名词课后测试题Word文档格式.docx

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thetrafficlightsystemhaveduality

Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’call.Red→stopGreen→goYellow→getreadytogoorstop

8.Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfacial

ANSWER:

Onawhole,bodylanguageandfacialexpressionlackmostofthedistinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguagesuchasduality,displacement,creativityandsoon.Bodylanguageexhibitsarbitrarinessalittlebit.Forinstance,nodmeans"

OK/YES"

forusbutinArabianworlditisequaltosaying"

NO"

.Somefacialexpressionshavenon-arbitrarinessbecausetheyareinstinctivesuchasthecryandlaughofanewborninfant.

15.Whyisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceanimportantoneinlinguistics

ANSWER:

ThisisproposedbyChomskyinhisformalistlinguistictheories.Itissometimeshardtodrawastrictline.Someresearchersinappliedlinguisticsthinkcommunicativecompetencemaybeamorerevealingconceptinlanguageteachingthanthepurelytheoreticalpair—competenceandperformance.

第二章

1.phonology:

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.

2.Allophone:

anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme（eg.<

th>

isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated<

t>

.Both<

and<

areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

3.phonetics----Thestudyofspeechsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

4.Phoneme:

theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.

5.Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.

6.Assimilation:

aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.

7.Intonationisthevariationofpitchtodistinguishutterancemeaning.

8.Syllable:

wordorpartofawordwhichcontainsavowelsoundorconsonantactingasavowel.

第三章

1.morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

2.inflection:

themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

3.affix:

thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem）.

4.derivation:

isaprocessoftheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives,whichareopen-class.

5.root:

thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

6.allomorph:

anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.

7.Stem:

anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

8.blending:

arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

9.back-formation:

anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.

第四章

Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

Category（范畴）referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.

Construction:

anylinguisticformwhichiscomposedofconstituentsandisabletobesegmented.

Constituent:

isatermusedinstructuralsentenceanalysisforeverylinguisticunit,whichisapartofalargerlinguisticunit.

Subordinationreferstotheprocessorresultoflinkinglinguisticunitssothattheyhavedifferentsyntacticstatus,onebeingdependentupontheother,andusuallyaconstituentoftheother.

CoordinateisacommonsyntacticpatterninEnglishandotherlanguagesformedbygroupingtogethertwoormorecategoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,but,andor.

第五章

Conceptualmeaning:

thecentralpartofmeaning,whichcontainslogical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.

Connotation:

aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.

Denotation:

thecoresenseofawordoraphrasethatrelatesittophenomenaintherealworld.

Reference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;

itisabstractanddecontextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.

Gradableantonymy（等级/渐次反义关系）----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…

Complementaryantonymy（互补反义关系）----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,.alive-dead,male-female,…

Converseantonymy（逆向反义关系）----exhibitsthereversaloftherelationshipbetweenthetwoitems,.husband-wife,parent-child,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,…

Hyponymy----thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

Superordinate（上义词）:

thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning.

Relationalopposites关系反义词:

Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.

Chapter1

课后答案：

6.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality

Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’call.

Red→stop

Green→go

Yellow→getreadytogoorstop

Chapter2

thedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.

1.[Ɵ]voicelessdentalfricative

2.[ʃ]:

voicelesspostalveolarfricative

3.[ŋ]:

velarnasal

4.[d]:

voicedalveolarstop

5.[p]:

voicelessbilabialstop

6.[k]:

voicelessvelarstop

7.[l]:

alveolarlateral

8.[i]:

highfrontlaxunroundedvowel

9.[u:

]:

highbacktenseroundedvowel

10.[ɔ]:

lowbacklaxroundedvowel

III.GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow.

1.voicelesslabiodentalfricative:

[f]

2.voicedpostalveolarfricative:

[Ʒ]

3.palatalapproximant:

[j]

4.voicelessglottalfricative:

[h]

5.voicelessalveolarstop:

[t]

6.high-midfrontunroundedvowel:

[i]

7.highcentralroundedvowel:

[]符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横

8.lowfrontroundedvowel:

[Œ]

9.low-midbackroundedvowel:

[ɔ]

10.highbackroundedtensevowel:

[u:

]

四1Onacleardayyoucanseeformiles.

2Somepeoplethinkthatfirstimpressionscountforalot.

V.Discussthefollowingquestions.

1）Theproductionofspeechsounds:

lungs,trachea（orwindpipe）,throat,nose,mouth,glottis（声门）,

4）Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedtophoneticsandhowdo