珍妮姑娘悲剧分析论文.docx

珍妮姑娘悲剧分析论文.docx

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珍妮姑娘悲剧分析论文

OntheCausesofJennie’sTragedyin

JennieGerhardt

专业：

英语

班级：

09

姓名：

Contents

Introduction5

1InfluencesBroughtaboutbySocialTransformation11

1.1EthicTransmutation11

1.2MoralConfusion14

2CausesoftheTragedyfromthePerspectiveofFreud’sPsychoanalysis19

2.1TheViewpointofPsychoanalysis19

2.2Jennie’sPsychology21

3CausesoftheTragedyfromthePerspectiveofDarwinism25

3.1DarwinistAnalysis25

3.2TheEnvironmentofEarly20th Century31

4CausesoftheTragedyfromthePerspectiveofFeminism38

4.1FeministAnalysis38

4.2Jennie’sFeministThought40

Conclusion44

Acknowledgement47

Bibliography48

Abstract

Inthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,theAmericanliteraturesteppedontoanewstage,whichisthegoldentimeoftheAmericanliterature.Duringtheseyears,alotofwriterswhoflourishedtheliteraryworldturnedup.AndAmericanliteratureexperiencedanunprecedentedboomingperiodinthehistory.Atthattime,TheodoreDreiserplayedanincomparableroleintheliteraryworld.Heisnotonlythemostoutstandingwriterinthetwentiethcentury,butalsothepioneerofAmericanmodernliterature.InthehistoryofAmericanliterature,heisthefirstonetodescribethenewcitylifeinAmericanwithoutanyprejudice,whichisthegreatcontributiontoAmericanliterature.Justbecauseofthis,hedrawsmoreandmoreattentionofrecentreaders.

JennieGerhardisTheodoreDreiser’ssecondnovel,whichbroughthimfirsttruecommercialsuccess.Ittoldusastoryaboutapoorgirl’smiserablelifeattheendof19thcentury.Sinceit’spublicationin1911,itwaswellreceivedbycritics.ManypeoplehavemadealotofanalysisaboutthereasonofJennie’stragedy.Sincetheresearchesofbothdomesticandabroadpaycloseattentiononsocietyandclass,whiletheauthorofthepaperwillanalyzeJennie’stragedyfromSpiritualAnalysis’theory,Social-DarwinismandFeminismunderthebackgroundofthespecialsocialtransformationinAmerica.

Atthattime,becauseofsocialtransition,therapideconomicdevelopmentandrapidurbanization,therewereavarietyofsocialproblems.Intheprevailingsocialconditions,socialethicchangesandmoralconfusionmakesJennie’stragedyasocialnecessity.AccordingtoFreud’spsychoanalysistheory,analyzeJennie’spsychologicalprocess.ThisistheoriginofJennie’stragedy.SurvivalofthefittestwasnotonlythecoreandthesoleofDarwinism,butalsoappliestotheSocial-Darwinism,thatistosay,everycreatureintheworldmustfaceallkindsofinfluencesandchallengesfrominsideandoutsideandthosewhocouldn’tadaptmustbeeliminated.Jennieisinthelowstatusinthecapitalsociety,shecouldn’tbeacceptedbytheupperclass,andherfinaldensitymustbeaboundedbytheupperclass.Takefamilyasthemostimportantthing,JennieGerhardhasallofthetypicaltraditionalwomen’svirtues-shewaspure,kindandfable;shehasnodependentsocialstatusbutonlyhastodependonmen.Differentfromthosenewwomenwhodidn’tcomplywithmenandwereindependentineconomy,thefateofJennieGerhardmustbeatragedy.ThethesisisdividedintothreepartstodiscussthecauseofJennie’stragedybymainlyapplyingthetwotheoriesaboveanddiscussDreiser’swritingfeaturesinJennieGerhard.

ThefirstpartdescribesthespecialtyofthesocialtransformationinwhichJennielives-onthewayofrapidmodernization,thesocialeconomyofJennie’stimedevelopedrapidly,soastheurbanization,buttherearealsomanysocialproblemssuchassocialmoralcrisisandethnicaltransmutation,whilethoseareimportantreasonswhichledtoJennie’stragedy.

ThesecondpartistoexplainJennie’stragedybyusingthetheoryofFreud’spsychoanalysis.Herpsychologicalprocess,includedesiringformaterialworld,submittingtorealitydifficultiesandimaginingloveandmarriage.TheseinternalfactorsmakeJennie’stragedyinevitable.

ThethirdpartistoexplainJennie’stragedybyapplyingtheSocial-Darwinism.TheSocial-Darwinism’scoreis“struggleforexistence”and“survivalofthefittest”.InTheOriginofSpeciesbyCharlesDarwin,naturalenvironmentplayanimportantpartinbiologicalliving.InJennie’slife,becauseofherpoorfamily,shestruggledfortheexistenceofherfamilyunceasingly,butwashurtagainandagain.SosocialenvironmentisoneofthefactorsofJennie’stragedy.

ThelastpartwilltellJennie’stragedyfromtheperspectiveofFeminism.Fromthenovel,onefactcanberecognized,that’swomenandmenareunequalatJennie’stime,especialforJenniewhowasatraditionalwomanwithoutsocialstatus,anddifferentfromthosenewwomenwhorequiredequalitywithmenineveryarea.Traditionalwomenwereofflabbiness,andtheysufferedalotfromsociety,takethefamilyastheonlycoreoftheirlivesanddependcompletelyonmenineconomy.ThatwasalsotheinevitablereasonforJennie’stragedy.

Thesocialenvironment’sspecialty,herpsychologyandpersonality,theinfluenceofSocial-DarwinismandJennie’sownFeminismthoughtarethekeyreasonsforJennie’stragedy,hertragedyistheresultofboththeinnerreasonandtheouterreason.

Keywords:

JennieGerhard;tragedy;analysis

摘要

二十世纪上半叶，美国文学揭开了一个新的时期，这是美国小说创作的黄金时代。

这些年美国文学界群星璀璨，异彩纷呈，文学创作呈现出空前繁荣的景象。

西奥多·德莱赛作为最耀眼的作家在当时文学界异军突起。

他既是二十世纪最杰出的作家，也是美国现代小说的先驱。

在美国文学史上，他率先如实地描写了新的美国城市生活，为美国文坛做出了巨大的贡献。

正因为如此，他越来越多地引起现代读者的关注。

《珍妮姑娘》是德莱赛的第二部小说，这本书也为作者带来了真正意义上的成功。

它讲述了十九世纪末期一个善良女子珍妮的悲惨生活。

自从1911年出版以来，《珍妮姑娘》受到评论界的广泛好评，很多人对珍妮姑娘的悲剧根源做出了大量的阐释。

国内外对于《珍妮姑娘》的研究多关注于社会和阶级这一客观的外部因素，而本文将主要从弗洛伊德精神分析角度、社会达尔文主义角度对处于美国社会转型期这一特殊时期的珍妮姑娘的遭遇进行分析来阐释其悲剧形成的原因。

由于当时社会转型、经济急速发展、城市化进程突飞猛进，社会存在着各种问题。

在当时的社会状况下，社会伦理的改变及道德混乱使得珍妮悲剧的发生具有社会必然性。

社会达尔文主义依据达尔文理论的核心——物竞天择、适者生存，阐述了珍妮姑娘作为资产阶级社会中的弱者，不会为上层社会所接受，其最终命运必定是被上层社会所抛弃。

以家庭为中心的珍妮姑娘身上具有传统女性的一切特征——纯洁、善良、软弱、没有独立的社会地位、一味地依赖男人.而这些与那些不依靠于男人，经济上独立的新女性是截然不同的,珍妮的命运注定只能以悲剧收场。

本论文将主要运用以上三个理论来讨论珍妮姑娘的悲剧成因，并将讨论《珍妮姑娘》的深层意义。

本论文共分为四个部分来分析珍妮的悲剧成因。

第一部分阐述了当时正处于美国社会转型期的特殊性——在急速的现代化进程中，珍妮所在的社会经济高速发展，城市化进程异常繁荣，同时也带来了许多社会问题，其中的社会伦理嬗变和道德混乱使得珍妮悲剧的发生具有不可避免的社会必然性。

第二部分运用弗洛伊德精神分析理论来解释其悲剧的成因。

深入分析珍妮的心理过程，包括她对物质生活的渴望，对现实困难的妥协和对爱情与婚姻的幻想。

这些内在的因素致使珍妮的悲剧不可避免。

第三部分运用社会达尔文主义来其解释悲剧成因。

社会达尔文主义对珍妮悲剧的影响重大，它的核心理论同达尔文主义一样，都是讲的“生存斗争，适者生存”。

从《物种起源》一书中，我们得知自然环境对生物的生存及发展起着重要的作用。

珍妮出身贫寒，但是她为了自己及家人的生存，不断地与外界环境作斗争，却一次一次地受到伤害，从而可以得知社会环境是导致珍妮悲剧的一个重要因素

第四部分从女性主义角度来分析珍妮的悲剧成因。

从小说中可以得知，在当时的社会，男女地位极不平等，尤其是像珍妮这样出身贫寒且没有社会地位的传统女性与那些刚刚兴起的要求各方面与男性平等的新女性形象截然不同。

具有传统女性特征的珍妮性格懦弱，逆来顺受，生活中以家庭为中心，经济上完全依赖男性，在社会中处于极其不利的地位，这也是造成珍妮悲剧不可避免的因素。

社会转型期的特殊性、珍妮错误的心理行为，社会达尔文主义的影响及珍妮自身的女性主义思想都是珍妮悲剧的决定性因素，她的悲惨命运是内在因素与外在因素共同影响的结果。

关键词：

珍妮姑娘；悲剧；分析

Introduction

Regardedasoneofthepre-eminentAmericannovelistsofthefirsthalfofthetwentieth-century,TheodoreDreiser（1871-1945）drawsmoreandmoreattentionofrecentreaders.BorninIndianain1871,Dreiserwastheninthchildofthethirteenchildreninthefamily.HisparentsemigratedfromGermanytoAmericaandhischildhoodwasspentinextrememisery.Afterhisfather’swoolmillwasdestroyedbyfire,Dreiser’sfatherwasimpairedandthewholefamilyfellintopoverty.Withoutsteadyincometomakebodyandsoultogether,thefamilywasforcedtomoveconstantlyfromtowntotown,whilehisfathercouldhardlykeepajobforlongbecausehewasalwaysindebt.Seeingnohopeinlife,hisfatherconvertedtoChristianitytoavoidthecountlesstroublesandtoseekserenityinGod.Thereforetheresponsibilityofsupportingsomanychildrenwastakenbyhismother.Sheworkedhardtobringupherchildren,topreventthemfromsufferingcoldandhunger.Inhisnovel,JennieGerhardt,DreiserdepictedhismotherandfatherintheportraitsofMrs.GerhardtandOldGerhardt.Dreiser’sharshownexperienceofpovertyandhisearlyyearningforwealthandsuccesslaterbecamedominantthemesinhisnovels.Andthemisadventuresofhisbrothersandsistersinearlyadultlifegavehimadditionalmaterialonwhichtobasehischaracters.ThelifeexperienceofoneofhissisternamedMamelaterbecamehisrawmaterialtocreatehisworkJennieGerhardt.Asfarassuchafamilybackgroundisconcerned,TheodoreDreiserscarcelyhadasenseofsecurityfromanearlyage.Quitealotofhisnovelsmirrorhisownlifeexperiences.Inhisnovels,hemainlydealswithsocialproblemsandwithcharacterswhostruggletosurvive.Thereadercanfeelthathewasamanwhowasutterlyfaithfultohisownvisionoflife.LikewhatMaxwellGeiswarexpressed,“TheodoreDreiseristhemostdistinguishedmemberofthewholegroupofModernAmericannovelists.Hewasarealist…Yes,he,partlythroughhisowninnocence,perhaps,andearlyorigins,toldthetruthaboutlifewhenhecoulddiscoverit.[1]Probablynooneelseinourliteraturehashadsuchadirectandintimatefeelingsforthecommonformsofexperience,pleasantanddisgraceful.Whatgavehisworkitsremarkabletexture,itsglamour,reallywashissimplesenseofthevarietyandmysteryoflifeonallitslevels.”

Atfifteen,heleftforChicagoalonetomakealiving,takingupvariouskindsofoddjobslikewashingdishes,drivingcarriagesetc.HewasoncefinancedbyoneofhisteacherstostudyinIndianaUniversity,buttheschoollifeboredhimandhereturnedbacktoChicagoayearlater.Heworkedasanapprenticewithseveraljournalsandnewspapers,whichprovidedhimwithadequatetrainingandexperienceinpreparingforhisliterarywriting.Byworkingwiththesenewsagencies,hecouldhavetheopportunitytokeenlyobservetherealAmericanlifeatthetime—therichindulginginseekingpleasureswhilethepoorstrivingforsurvival.Inhisfictions,Dreiserexpressedhisdeeplysympathywiththosewholackthemeanstosatisfytheirdesireforthingsandneedsthatmi