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3.Hewroteglossesandmentariesasheracedthroughthevolumesthatcamehisway
Works:
1.Thefirstthreedrewfromhisadventuresamongthepeopleofthesouthpacificislands,suhas:
TypeeOmooMardi
2.tisregardedasoneoftheworld’sgreatestmasterpieces.Togettoknowthe19thcenturyAmericanmindandAmericanitself------MobyDick
3LaterhewrotesomeotherbookslikeTheConfidenceManandBillyBuddwhichheleftinmanuscriptattimeofhisdeath.
Character:
1.Melvilleliesinthefactthathewasunwillingtosacrificehisinsightandartisticstandardstocatertopopularfeelinganddemand.
2.HisdiscoveryofShakespearestirredhimthedepthsofhisreading.CarlyleandHawthorne’ssymbolismfascinatedhim.ForEmerson,hehadmixedfeelingofrespectandrepulsion.
3.Hewasthusknownasapopularwriterofexotictales
Extra:
1.MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville’sbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.揭示出梅尔维尔的人与自然观：
人类应该观察探索自然，人类假如狂妄地对抗自然，就会导致消灭
2.赫尔曼·
梅尔维尔是美国最伟大的小说家之一，也是美国象征主义文学大师
3.ConstantlyunderhisattackisitsemphasisonindividualandOversoul.相信邪恶的普遍性，怀疑超验主义的乐观主义理
4.hischaractersforevertryingtoescapefromtheircorruptworldintoabetterplacetolive,orwhathecallsanotherworld.在梅尔维尔看来，没有什么事物是绝对美好的或绝对罪恶的。
爱默生所宣扬的超验主义乐观精神对泱泱社会中的个人的开展并不能带来真正意义上的帮助。
个人的力量是渺小的，根本无力与社会进展抗争。
●EdgarAllanPoe:
1.BorninEdgarPoe;
January19,1809
–October7,1849,hewasanAmericanwriter,editor,andliterarycritic
2.Hisfatherabandonedthefamilyin1810,andhismotherdiedthefollowingyear.Thusorphaned,
3.PoeattendedtheUniversityofVirginiaforonesemesterbutleftduetolackofmoney.PoequarreledwithAllanoverthefundsforhiseducationandenlistedintheArmyin1827underanassumedname.
4.Laterfailingasanofficer'
scadetatWestPointanddeclaringafirmwishtobeapoetandwriter,PoepartedwayswithJohnAllan.
5.PoediedinBaltimore;
thecauseofhisdeathisunknownandhasbeenvariouslyattributedtoalcohol,braincongestion,cholera,drugs,heartdisease,rabies,suicide,tuberculosis,andotheragents
Works:
1.hereleasedhisfirstbook,a40-pagecollectionofpoetry,TamerlaneandOtherPoems
2.inFebruary1831,andreleasedathirdvolumeofpoems,simplytitledPoems.
3.hisonlydrama,Politian.TheBaltimoreSaturdayVisiterawardedPoeaprizeinOctober1833forhisshortstory"
MS.FoundinaBottle"
.
4.in1838,TheNarrativeofArthurGordonPymofNantucketwaspublishedandwidelyreviewed
5.in1839,thecollectionTalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesquewaspublishedintwo
volumes,
6.InJune1840,Poepublishedaprospectusannouncinghisintentionstostarthisownjournal,TheStylus
7.OnJanuary29,1845,hispoem"
TheRaven"
appearedintheEveningMirrorandbecameapopularsensation
Character:
1.fictionaldepictionsofPoeusehismystery-solvingskillsinsuchnovelsasThePoeShadowbyMatthewPear
2.Poewasmostlyrecognizedasaliterarycritic
3.FellowcriticJamesRussellLowellcalledhim"
themostdiscriminating,philosophical,andfearlesscriticuponimaginativeworkswhohaswritteninAmerica"
suggesting—rhetorically—thatheoccasionallyusedprussicacidinsteadofink
4.Poe'
searlydetectivefictiontalesfeaturingC.AugusteDupinlaidthegroundworkforfuturedetectivesinliterature
Extra:
1.坡以神秘故事和恐怖小说闻名于世，他是美国短篇故事的最早先驱者之一，又被尊为推理小说的开山鼻祖，进而也被誉为后世科幻小说的始祖
2.他是第一个尝试完全依赖写作谋生的知名美国作家，从而导致贫困潦倒
3.爱伦·
坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征，试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿
4.洛威尔一向不轻易赞扬别人，却把坡誉为“最有见识、最富哲理的大无畏评论家
●WashingtonIrving
Personallife
（imitative,vivid）
AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndofDutchDynasty
TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent
TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus
TheChronicleoftheConquestofGranada
TheAlhambra
TheCrayonMiscellany
fatherofAmericanliterature,firstwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.
（aChinesestudentofEnglishmaydowelltoreadandevenrecitealittleofIrvingtoimprovehiswritingEnglish.）
●JamesFenimoreCooper
PersonalLife:
Bornintoaland-holdingfamily,firstauthorstowriteabouttheAmericanWestwardmovement.
Hisworks（dreadful,notauthentic,introducethe“western〞tradition）
ThePioneers
Thefollowingaremyth
TheLastoftheMohican
ThePrairie
ThePathfinder,
TheDeerslayer
●NathanielHawthorne
Experience
1.BornonJuly4,1804toafamilywithlongpuritantraditioninSalem,Massachusetts.
2.Hisfatherdiedandhewasraisedbyhismother.
3.Spent12yearsstudyingAmericanpastaftergraduatingfromBowdoinCollegein1825.
4.WorkedattheBostonCustomsHouseandmarriedSophiaPeabody.
Works
1.Firstcollectionofstories,Twice-ToldTales,1837
2.Secondcollectionofstories,MossesfromanOldMansion,1846
3.TheScarletLetter,publishedin1850
4.FollowedwithTheHouseoftheSevenGables（1851）andTheBlithedaleRomance（1852）
5.Finalmajorwork—TheMarbleFaun,1860
Character
1.Hisfictiondealswiththethemesofguiltandsecrecy,andshowshisconstantpreoccupationwiththeeffectsofPuritanisminNewEngland.
2.ConvincedthattherewasbothgoodandevilinPuritanism.
3.Hewasinterestedin“themoralandpsychologicalconsequencethatmanifestedthemselvesinhumanbeingsasaresultoftheirpride.
4.Hisstorydisplaysapsychologicalinsightintomoralisolationandhumanemotion,andhewasfondofusingsymbolstorevealthepsychologyofhischaracter.
5.Hisstyleissoft,flowing,andalmostfeminine,buthisobservationisalwayssomber.
Extra
1.TheHouseoftheSevenGablesshowshisbelieves:
“thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones〞andthatevilwilleoutofevilthoughitmaytakemanygenerationstohappen.
2.plainedaboutthe“thepovertyofmaterials〞inalandwherethereisnoshadow,noantiquity,nomystery,nopicturesqueandgloomywrong,noranythingbutamonplaceprosperity.
3.TheScarletLetter:
:
onlyTheGreatGatsby（byScottFitzgerald）cantouchitinAmericanliterature.TheletterAmeans:
“Adultery〞--“Able〞--“Angel〞
4.Femalecharacters:
Mostofthemareattractive,appealingandamildlyaggressive.
5.TheMinister'
sBlackVeil:
主题明显而集中:
年轻的教长为什么戴上了黑面纱、为什在遭到各种议论，责难而仍然不肯摘下来。
就在年老临终的那一刻也仍然要挣扎着把面纱盖住自己的脸?
回答是有的，这黑纱象征了人的罪恶感，是认罪和赎罪的标志。
对于戴黑纱的牧师终究有什么罪，作者还提供了线索，他戴上黑纱之日，即一个少女死亡之时，而且葬礼上"
牧师露出面孔的一刹那，少女的尸体战栗起来。
尸衣和那薄纱的帽子也跟着微微抖动"
;
送葬的人也有一种幻觉，"
似乎牧师和少女的精灵手拉手在一起走着。
"
看来又是一个类似《红字》里面的情况:
某某的外衣之下藏着一颗玩弄女性的心，不过这一次女的死亡，男的却以黑纱代替了赎罪!
至少那位乡村医生是有所知的。
他说了一句意义深长的话:
人有时是自己怕自己的。
也许这就是为什么当那教长弥留之际，医生是在场者当中唯一的"
外表大庄严合度而无动于衷"
的人。
写得恍惚，然而意思是明显的。
但是作者又明确，这个罪却又不限于任何个人，而是连"
大地也戴着自己的黑纱"
，"
每一X脸上都有一面黑纱!
这里有严厉的加尔文教义的声音，清教主义的声音--然而它却未必专指清教徒统治的早期英国在美洲的殖民地。
由于霍桑写的大多是那个时期的事，由于他的作品里清教徒的罪恶观的气氛浓厚，文笔又带旧式的典雅，人们可能误以为他是生在那个时期的，其实他是十九世纪的人（1804-1864），是在包括这篇小说在内的《故事重述》集于1837年出版之后才建立了文名的。
他不能不注意到他当时的美国--而当时的美国正在经历着工业革命，新英格兰的商人和资本家正在依靠着1828年的新税律给他们的便利积极开展资本主义，而清教主义统治的教会已从国家政治生活里退出来……对于这样的现实霍桑也是深有所感的，不满意的，他感对美国是"
一个没有阴影，没有模棱两可，没有神权，没有别致有趣的或阴沉的邪恶的国家"
，连替它写传奇故事也是困难的（《某某名曲农牧神像》序）。
那么，他在早期着重写清教主义的罪恶观，写《教长的黑面纱》那样的气氛抑郁而神秘的寓言，是不是要替这个历史不长、缺乏传统、精神生活枯燥的国家增加一点阴影，一点神秘，一点阴沉的邪恶呢?
无论如何，霍桑这个深刻的、复杂的作家在写《教长的黑面纱》的时候，是有多种用意的。
●HenryWadsworthLongfellow
1.Bornofawell-to–doNewEnglandfamilyonFebruary27,1807inPortland,Maine.
2.AfterspendingfouryearsstudyinglanguageinFrance,Spain,Italy,Germany,andEngland,whichagainsthisfather’swishtobealawyer,hebecamesoskilledinlanguages.
3.HebecameProfessorofModernLanguagesatHarvardUniversityin1836anddidn’tretireuntil1854.
4.Thelasttwenty-eightyearsofhislifewerespentinwriting,studying,andtravel.
1.Evangeline（1847）,TheCourtshipofMilesStandish（1858）,and“PaulRevere’dRide〞（1861）.
2.Lateinlife,grievingoverhiswife’sdeath,LongfellowtranslatedDante’sTheDivineedy.
1.Wrotepoemsonawiderangeofsubjects,contemporaryandhistorical,andheusedmanydifferentverseformsandmeterswithgreattechnicalskill.
2.ThroughouthislifeLongfellowwrotenobleandelevatedversebuiltaroundromanticizedcharactersandheroicsentiments.
3.Longfellowhadthegiftofeasyrhyme.Hewrotepoetrywithnaturalgraceandmelody.
4.Hispoetryexpressesaspiritofoptimismandfaithinthegoodnessoflifewhichevokesimmediateresponseintheemotionsofhisreaders.
1.APsalmofLife:
firstpublishedin1839
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