生命美学观视角下的草叶集诗歌主题 毕业论文.docx

生命美学观视角下的草叶集诗歌主题 毕业论文.docx

《生命美学观视角下的草叶集诗歌主题 毕业论文.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《生命美学观视角下的草叶集诗歌主题 毕业论文.docx（19页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

生命美学观视角下的草叶集诗歌主题毕业论文

浙江理工大学科技与艺术学院

本科毕业论文

论文题目:

生命美学观视角下的《草叶集》诗歌主题研究

EnglishTitle:

ThematicAnalysisonLeavesofGrassfromthePerspectiveofLifeAesthetics

班级:

09英语3班

学号:

Xn09710316

作者姓名:

彭加宁

指导教师:

戚婕

完稿时间:

_2013年1月8日

Abstract

ThepeakofAmericanRomanticismLiterature,LeavesofGrass,isregardedastheepicpoemofAmerica,whosepoetrysubjectspermeatewithvibrantlifebeauty.Somesucceedtothesubjectofmarvelingattheupheavalinsocietyandodetohumanpersonality,somehighlightmoreontheintuitionandemotionofman.Theseaestheticobjectsimplythesolutefromthepoet’sdeephearttothestrongerAmericanandstillintunewithourcontemporaryeravalue.ResearchachievementofWhitmanisalwaysfruitful.Whileoveryears,littleresearchonmacroviewstoelaboratethesubjectthroughmacrovieworaesthetics.Aimingatthis,thethesisreviewsthepoetrythemesbymeansofLifeaesthetics.Besides,byapplyingtothecorrespondingdimensionsofsomaesthetics,practiceaesthetics,eco-aesthetics,theauthorwillmakeaselectiveanalysistoexploretheelementoflifeaestheticsonthemainthemeofself,democracyandnature.

KeyWords:

Lifeaesthetics;poetrysubject;Whitman;LeavesofGrass

摘要

美国浪漫主义文学巅峰之作《草叶集》，被誉为美国史诗，其诗歌主题充满生命美：

有些发展了前期文学惊叹社会巨大变革、赞美人格力量的题材，着重强调了人的直觉和情感；有些大胆地开拓了鲜有人涉及的主题，如歌颂同志间的友好等。

这些审美对象至今引领着当今世界的价值观,超越了时代的限制，一直以来，惠特曼研究成果颇丰，研究深入到了他创作及思想的方方面面,然而纵观历年研究，鲜有从宏观角度归结其诗歌主题，更勿论从美学赏析其诗歌思想。

故本文针对此死角，从惠特曼原本就已存在却常被忽视的生命美学，重新赏析惠特曼宏伟生机的诗歌主题。

通过与生命美学恰好相对应的三个维度，身体美学，实践美学，生态美学，重点分析自我、民主、自然这三大主题中的生命美学因子。

关键词：

生命美学；诗歌主题：

惠特曼；草叶集

Contents

Introduction

InalettertoWhitman,Emersonannouncedwithecstasy,“IfinditthemostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatAmericahasyetcontributed”（1855）.Indeed,Emerson’sinsightwassomewhatsotranscendentthatfewscholarslikehimappreciatethevalueofLeavesofGrass.Suchcasewasnotcoincidence.Itseemstobeabnormalthatfartoomanytalentedcelebritiesintheirlivingdayswononlyscornfromtheircontemporaries,whilereputationwhentheywererestinginpeace.Fortheirthoughttranscendstheircontemporaryera,waitingfortheepiphanyinthefuture.Whitmanissuchone.Goldwillshineoneday,sohisvigorousthemeinunconventionalstylewaseventuallyworshipedbyhisownnationandeventhewholeworld.

BeforeWhitman’stime,theNewWorldhasbeengreatlyattachedtoEuropeantraditionssodoesitsliterature.However,theimmortalbardturnedhisfocusonAmerica’sownlife,tocreateanepicworkthatwouldgroworganicallyfromthenativelandscapesandpeoplesoftheAmericas.Allhisenergydevotedtothiscollectionofpoems,hewantedtoestablishauniquenationalliteraturetopromotetheAmericanculture.Readinghisenergeticlines,noonewillnotfelthisproudforseeingAmericaexperiencetremendouschangeseconomically,culturallyandintellectually;noonewillnotbemovedbythosevividaestheticimageofslaves,abolitionistsandwomenwhostrugglepositivelyforliberation,forabetterlife.PeopleofeverynationalityandbelieffindhisstrivingtodemonstratethenewlyformedAmericancharacteristicsinlifebeauty.

ThisthesisaimstoanalyzeWhitman’sgrandiosethemesinLeavesofGrassthroughexampleanalysisfromtheperspectiveoflifeaestheticsandtofindoutthesignificanceofWhitman’slifeaesthetics.

1.AnOverviewofLifeAesthetics

Poemsarealwaysintimatelyassociatedwithphilosophy.Oneofthelifeaestheticsmasters,MartinHeideggerputitthat,poemsandphilosophyarecloseneighbors.AndmanycriticshaveprobedthephilosophyinWhitman’spoemsbutfewthroughaesthetics,theemergingphilosophysubsidiary（YanBo,2009）.

WesternaestheticsconfrontedwiththefamousDescartes’dilemmaafteritsspiritualphase.Lifeaestheticstherebywasbornattherightmoment.Focusingonlifeactivities,lifeaestheticslinkthemantotheworldwithnatureandsociety,soothingthepsychicpainofemptinessanddespair.Therefore,notonlydidthenewlyfoundedaestheticsmakeahitintheoccidentalcultures,butalsointheoriental.Asabranchofaesthetics,lifeaestheticssharesthecommonalitiesofaesthetics,namely,focusingonthefundamentalissueofhumanbeing,thedistinguishabledifferencesshallbeanincliningemphasisontheresearchoforganiclivingthroughlifeactivities（WangXiaohua,2004）.

ModernwesternaestheteslikeSchopenhauer,HeideggerandNietzscheallfounditnecessarytointerpretthesignificanceoflife,andprobedunderlyingissuesoflifeaestheticsinmanyoftheirworks.Herethepapermainlyadoptsitsthreedimensionsofsomaesthetics,practiceaestheticsandeco-aestheticstoappreciateWhitman’spoems.

Somaestheticsisdifferentwithbodyaesthetics,thelattertakethehumanbodyasanaestheticobject,buttheformerasasubject.Thedilemmaofpsychologicalaestheticliesinmistakenlytakingtheessenceofhumanasspirit,sothatitcan’tfindtherealcontactbetweenmanandworld.Somaesthetics,quiteonthecontrary,isabletoovercomethisweakness.Contemporaryaestheticsareallbasedonthefactimplicitlyorexplicitlythattheessenceofmanisbody.Nietzschesaidthatmanismadeofbody,andthesoulisnothingbutapartofthebodywithaname.Marxholdsthat,beingadynamicbody,manverifyhisessentialstrengthinpractice,expressinganaestheticappreciationofdirectreality.Therefore,ProfessorWangXiaohua（2004）deemsthat,thebodyshallnotonlytakeastheaestheticsubject,buttheaimofaesthetics.Whatsomaestheticsfocusishowtoshapetheirselves’ownbodyaccordingtothescaleofbeauty,soastobecomeaself-madeart.Itsuggeststhatthebody’sbeauty,especiallytheoppositesex’s,reachesaconsensusbymankind,becausebodyisthelivingorganic,thedirectobjecttopursuitlifebeauty.

Aestheticappreciationcanbecompletedonlybybiologicallivings,andpracticeiswhatthelivingsreallydealwith.Sincethehumanbodyisbeautiful,thenthebody’spracticeisbeautiful.Manfeelsfreeinthevisualworld,forheinheritedothers’practicestructureandcreatespracticestructureofhisown.Eventually,hisimaginationscomeintobeing,andtheworldoperatesaswhathehopes.Itholdsthatjudgingthehuman’spracticedoutproductisbeautyornot,dependsonthepracticeproductwhethersatisfytheirlifeneeds.

Eco-aestheticsistheextensionoflifeaesthetics.Livingintheworld,man’spracticeresultinaninevitableconnectswithoutermaterials.Manmarkthemwithhisownemotion,andthenmakethemtobehisownwork.Inaway,itexplainswhynaturecanbetouchedasenseofbeauty,becausenaturalelementssatisfiedhuman’sneedtopursuitofabetterlife.Butsometimes,manregardsnatureasuglywhenhethoughtnaturehinderedhiswayoflifepursuit.Thatistosay,eco-aestheticsmakesitsattentionforpeople’slifeandthewholeecologicalsurroundings.Theconstructionofeco-aestheticsisstillonthebasisofpeople’sperceptuallifeactivities,orrathertosay,survivalpractice,anditfollowsthebasicrulesofpracticeaesthetics（PanZhichang,2001）.

LeavesofGrassisapaeanoflife.IttakesnobothertofindWhitman’ssubstantialandsignificantrepresentoflifeactivitieshappenstofitthisaesthetictheory.

2.ABriefAppreciationofLeavesofGrass

AnotherRomanticismrepresentativepoetWordsworthoncepresentedinhisLyricalBalladsthatpoetsneedwritingthelifeofordinarypeoplewithimaginationandnovel,insteadofsingle-facetelyhonoringgreatpersonages.SodoesWhitmanwhoputthisaestheticconsciousnessinhispoetry.Whitmanisfamousforhisimmensesubjects.Hisrecordsofthefundamentalfactsofhumanexistence:

birth,growingup,love,family,triballifeanddeathintoarchetypesoftheimages,andhisincreasingattentiontothemesofreligion,patriotism,andtechnologicalprogress,coupledwithhisselflessserviceasavolunteernurseintheCivilWarhospitals,resultedinhisbeingwidelyveneratedasAmerica’s“GoodGrayPoet”.Whereas,opinionsarediverseondefiningthesethemes.Somesaythethemeoflove,death,theothersaythethemeoflabor,mystery,etc.,exceptfortheconsensusonthegeneralthemesofdemocracy,natureandself.Hesingsthedemocracyfortheordinary,forPresidentLincoln,tonatureandtoself.

2.1MajorCharacteristics

Whitman’spoetryitemedwithdistinguishedcharacters,whichinawayalsoreinforcedhisthemes.Themostnotableofall,foremostisfreeverse.IthasbeenknownbyhouseholdsthatWhitman’sgroundbreakingadoptionoffreeversecausedagreatsensationamongtheliteratureintellectualists.Virtually,applyingthisanti-traditionalformdoesbenefittoexpresshisthemesfreelywithoutfetter.Inanotheraspect,asthenomenclaturesuggests,poemformofthiskindreflectedafreedom,democraticAmerica.

Thenthefrequentlyused“I”.InWhitman’spoetry,“I”doesnotstandforthepoetalone.ItsymbolizesthemodernAmerican,themodernman,oreveneveryman.Itsymbolizesthenaturalpropensitiesinman,andthusitstandsforall.Asthepoethasanoverwhelmingfeelingoftheonenessofall,the“I”mayevensymbolizeasoldieronthebattlefield,oracometrushingthroughtheheavens.

Andtheconsiderableutilizedslang.Whitmaninscribesawholenewkindofspeaking,awildattempttovoicethefullrangeofselvesinhiscontradictorynation.GreatasThoreauwas,heregardsLeavesas“beasttalk”toshowhisdiscontenttowardsWhitman’srudedailyexpression.Whereas,it’stheverydesignedwaytodemonstratehisroughscuff-centraledequality.Nomanisnobleorhumble,fromWhitman’spointofview,analogy,languageknowsnoclassdistinction.

Lastbutnotleast,Whit