AcademicEnglishIsbusinessbadforscience.docx

AcademicEnglishIsbusinessbadforscience.docx

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AcademicEnglishIsbusinessbadforscience

Text3bIsbusinessbadforscience?

Thistextisbasedonanarticlefromanonlinenewsletter,I-sisNews,whichlooksfurtherintocommercialpressureonscientificresearch.

Task9Predictingtextcontent

Predictingthecontentofatextwillhelpyoureadwithmorespeedandfluency.Itmayalsohelpyouidentifythewriter'spurposeandrecognise"new"knowledge.

9.1Thinkaboutthetitle:

Isbusinessbadforscience?

a.Discusswhybigbusinessmightequalbadsciencewithanotherstudent.

b.Addfourmorereasonswhybusinesscanbebadforscience.

1,pressuretocompleteresearchtooquickly

2.

3.

4.

5.

9.2Suggestonereasonwhysciencecanbe"badforbusiness".

9.3NowreadtoseeifyourideaswerethesameasthoseinText3b.

Whileyouarereading,youcanalsotimeyourself.Notethetimebeforeyoubeginreadingandnoteitagainwhenyouhavefinished.Thereare1,300wordsinthetext.

Studytip:

Predictinginvolvesusingtheknowledgeyoualreadyhaveaboutatopictohelpyouunderstandatextyouaregoingtoreadonthattopic.

9.4Tick（√）astatementthatmostcloselyreflectsthewriter'sviewpoint.

1.Scientificresearchneedstobecarriedoutinamorebusinesslikeway.

2.Thepublicisnotgainingadequatebenefitfromresearchaimedatdevelopingnewdrugs.

3.Thereisaseriousconflictbetweeninvestors'interestsandappropriatescientificpractice.

4.Scientistsanduniversitieshaveverylimitedcommercialsense.

Discussyourviews.

Task10Comparingtextsandreadingfordetails

Youhavenowreadtwotextsontherelationshipbetweenbusinessandscientificresearch.

10.1Thinkaboutthetwotextsyouhavereadonthesametopic:

therelationshipbetweenbusinessandscientificresearch.Arethereanysignificantdifferencesbetweenthem?

Summariseyouranswerandthenexplainittoanotherstudent.

10.2Re-readText3bandcompletetheshort-answerquestions.

1.Whichareaofscientificresearchisthefocusofthistext?

2.WhowerethedelegatestotheLondonconferencein2001?

3.WhywasOlivieriethicallyopposedtocertainresearch?

4.NamethetwosortsofresearchmentionedbyZiman.

5.WhichtypeofresearchdidWeatherallappeartofavour?

6HowdidWeatherallthinkthatscientificresearchcouldbeprotected?

7.WhattermdidMonbiotusetodescribetypicalgovernmentattitudestoresearch?

8.IdentifythephraseMonbiotusedtodemonstratewhathewantedscientiststodo.

9.WhowrotethereportabouttheLondonconference?

10.WhatconcerndidPisanoexpressaboutscience'srelationshipwithbusiness?

10.3SelectpartsofthetextthatseemverysimilartoorverydifferentfromText3a.

Youcouldusedifferentcolourstohighlight"similar"and"different"information.

Task11Scanningandclosereading

Academictextsoftencontainreferencestoexpertswithintherelevantfield.InText3b,theopinionsofanumberofacademicsandscientistsarementioned.

11.1Readthebriefsummariesbelow.Thenscanthetextforinformation,matchingeachopiniontotherelevantexpert.

a.Selecttheexpertsinvariousaresfromthefollowinglist:

Pisano,Oliveri,Ziman,Weatherall,Monbiot,SaundersandMae-WanHo.

Note:

Insomecases,morethanoneexpertmaybelinkedtoasummary.

b.Scanthetexttofindinformationwhichrelatestothesummariesbelowandcompletethetable.

1.Researchinstitutionsclearlyneedoutsidefunding,butatthesametimetheyneedtoguardagainstexploitationbybusinessinterests.

2.Onlyafewbusinessenterpriseshavemadesignificantfinancialgainfromfundingmedicalresearch.

3.Governments,businesses,institutionsandscientistsshouldallsharesomeblameforconductinginappropriatescientificresearch.

4.Scientificresearchshouldservetheinterestsofsocietyasawhole,notjustthefew.

5.Somedrugcompaniesareguiltyofpromotingmedicalmalpracticebyconcealingtheresultsoftheirfundedresearch.

6.Thebiotechindustrycannotbemanagedinthesamewayasothermodernindustries.

7.Fundingofresearchisoftenmisdirectedinordertosuittheaimsofbusinessorgovernmentinterests.

Task12Identifyingandusingreportinglanguage

Thetextcontainsaninterestingrangeofreportinglanguage.Thisisthewaythatthewritertellsthereader,i.e.,"reports",whatthevariousexpertsreferredtointhetextsaidorwroteabout.ThefirstspeakerattheLondonconferencewhoisreportedinthiswayisProfessorJohnZiman.Notethevariousways,inParagraphS,inwhichthewriterofthetextreportsZiman'sideas:

1.thelateJohnZiman…whocategorisedresearchas…（lines75-78）

2.Zimandescribedinstrumental…（line89）

3.Zimannotedthatalthoughnon-instrumental…（lines96-97）

4.Zimanarguedthat…（lines106-107）

12.1ItisimportanttorecognisethedifferentwaysthatZiman'sviewpointisexpressedinthisparagraph.Lookatthelistofreportinglanguageaboveandidentifywhethereachoneisdirectorindirectreporting.Tick（√）theappropriatecolumninthetablebelow.

Keyreadingskills:

IdentifyingreportingLanguage

Beingabletoidentifyreportinglanguagewillhelpyoureadmoreeffectivelyandwillhelpyouwriteacademictextssuchasessays,reportsanddissertations.

Studytip:

Verbssuchashighlight,assertandputforwardareusedinacademictextstoreportideasandopinions.Learningsuchreportinglanguagewillhelpyouracademicwriting.

12.2Readthroughtheremainderofthetextandhighlightmoreexamplesofreportinglanguage.Youmaybeabletofindupto20differentexamplesinthecompletetext.

Discusstheseexamplesanddecidewhichofthemyoumightbeabletouseinyouracademicwriting.

12.3LookbackattheopinionsofacademicsinTask11.Usingdifferentreportingverbs,practisereportingwhatvariousexpertssaidaboutscientificresearch.

Trytoavoidusingthesameverbastheoneusedintheoriginaltext.

Example:

V}leatherallemphasisedthatresearchinstitutionsclearlyneededoutsidefunding,butatthesametime,theyneededtoguardagainstexploitationbybusinessinterests.

Studytip:

Thereisnobetterwayofdevelopingyouruseofreportinglanguagethanputtingitintopractice.

Task13Understandingandusingmodifyinglanguage

Adjectivesandadverbsareusedtomodifyorsaymoreaboutotherwordsintexts.Theyserveanimportantroleininformingthereaderaboutthewriter'sattitude,biasandoverallwritingpurpose.Theyalsoperformanevaluativerolesothatthereadercancriticallyconsidertheimportanceorrelevanceofcertainideas,opinionsorfacts.

Remember

Adjectivesareusedtomodifynouns.Example:

Thisisacontroversialquestion.

Adverbsareusedtomodifyverbs[1],adjectives[2]orotheradverbs[3].Example:

Shereadvery[3]quickly[小hroughtheextremely[2]longagenda.

13.1Re-readParagraphs2and3ofText3b.Thencompletethetableonthenextpagewiththewordsorphrasesfromthetextthatmodifythewordsorphrasesintheleft-handcolumn.

Considerhowthemodifyinglanguagehelpsyouunderstandthetext.

13.2Re-readParagraph5,andfindsevenmoreexamplesofthewayadjectivesandadverbsareusedtomodifyotherwords.

a.Recordthewordsandmodifiersinthetable.

b.Considerwhatimpactthemodifyinglanguageinthisparagraphhasforthereader.

Unitsummary

Somenewactivitieshavebeenintroducedinthisthirdunit.Youhavealsohadfurtherpracticeintheskillsandactivitiesintroducedinearlierunits.

1Lookbackovertheworkyouhavedoneandthinkabouthowsuccessfullyyoucarriedoutthevarioustasks.Asyoucheck,tick（√）theappropriateboxinthetablebelow.

2Completethefollowingstatementswithphrasesfromthewordbox.Oneofthephrasesmaynotbeneeded.

1.Themoreyoucanrecall,themoreyouwillhave.

2.isonethatthewriterorspeakeranswersthemselves.

3.theargument,belieforclaimmadebythewriter.

4linkbetweenwords,namesorconceptsmatext.

5.Inordertopredictthecontentofatext,itisusuallynecessaryto

6statementsmadebysomeotherspeakers）orwriter（s）.

******************************************************************************

Forwebresourcesrelevanttothisbook,see:

.englishforacademicstudy.

Thisweblinkwillprovideyouwithfurtherhelpininferringmeaningfromcontextandinusingreportinglanguage.

Isbusinessbadforscience?

Beforetheemergenceofbiotechnology,businessandscienceoFeeratedinlargelyseparatespheres.Thebusinessworldhadlittleinterestinexpandingscientifcknowledge,leavingresearchfirmlywinthinthedomainofuniversities,governmentlaboratoriesandnon-profitinstitutions（Pisano,2006）.Howeverthenewmillenniumsawamarriageofbusinesspowerandscientificdivelopmentasbiotechnologicaladvancesdrewbothintereststogether.

Theimpactofthealliancebetweenbusinessandsciencehasbeensubstantial,butithasnotalwaysbeenseenpositively.

Manywouldclaimthatsciencehaslostthefreedomandthetimetocarryoutresearchasthoroughlyandaspainstakinglyasitshould.Thesituationhasbeenaggravatedbythefrustrationfeltbybusinessinterest,asinvestorsdemand,intheirviewquitereasonably,amuchquickerreturnontheirinvestmentthanhasoftenbeenexperienced.

Anumberofcontroversialquestionshavearisen.Doesmodernresearch（particularly,medicalresearch）servetheinterestsofsocietyingeneralaswellasitshould?

Istheapproachtomedicalresearchashonestasitshouldbe?

Towhatextentisscientificresearchforitsownsakebeingrestrictedindeferencetoshort-termeconomicinterests?

Aregovernmentsandventurecapitalists-peoplewhomak