托福阅读句子插入题如何衔接.docx

托福阅读句子插入题如何衔接.docx

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托福阅读句子插入题如何衔接

托福阅读句子插入题——如何做到无缝衔接

朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹

句子插入题（InsertTextQuestions）是托福阅读考试必考题型，出现在每一篇文章倒数第二题，大部分考生在做此题时遇到模棱两可的答案情况较多，容易选错。

朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将针对这个问题，具体分析句子插入题的考试特点及解题技巧。

一、题型特点

句子插入题顾名思义就是给一句新的句子，要求考生们把这个句子插入到相应的位置，指定位置是文章中四个黑色方块的地方。

这些方块分布在句首或句末，四个方框有时都出现在一个段落里，有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。

考题形式如下：

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

[…………………]

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit

同学们要做的是点击其中的一个方块并将这个句子插入文章。

句子插入题考查的内容是句子与句子间的逻辑关系，即所插入句子必须和前后句子在逻辑关系上保持一致。

其实和我们写作一样，同学们不能把两句毫无关系的句子放在一起。

那么在英语里为了体现句与句之间的逻辑关系，会采用各种衔接手段将句子连接起来，所以我们只要熟悉各种句子衔接手段，我们就能立即判断出来句子所插入的相应位置。

以下，我们将对考试中经常出现的几种衔接手段进行详细分析。

二、解题方法

1.词重复适用

这种衔接方法简单粗暴明了，无需花费大量脑细胞，完全是送分题。

后面一个句子里重复使用前面句子提到的同一个词（通常是名词），使用此方法，我们可以清楚知道作者仍然在谈论同一主题，因为前后句子在意义上关系密切，互相连贯。

TheircompetitionandcollaborationwerecreatingthebroadcastingindustryintheUnitedStates,beginningwiththeintroductionofcommercialradioprogrammingintheearly1920s.■Withfinancialassetsconsiderablygreaterthanthoseinthemotionpictureindustry,andperhapsawidervisionoftherelationshipsamongentertainmentandcommunicationsmedia,theyrevitalizedresearchintorecordingsoundformotionpictures.■In1929theUnitedStatesmotionpictureindustryreleasedmorethan300soundfilms—aroughfigure,sinceanumberweresilentfilmswithmusictracks,orfilmspreparedindualversions,totakeaccountofthemanycinemasnotyetwiredforsound.■Attheproductionlevel,intheUnitedStatestheconversionwasvirtuallycompleteby1930.■InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive…

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Whenthisresearchresultedinthedevelopmentofvastlyimprovedsoundtechniques,filmstudiosbecameconvincedoftheimportanceofconvertingtosound.

前面一句话已经提及到了research,第二次出现用thisresearch,所以答案选第二个选项。

So,inanothersetofexperiments,Kramerputidenticalfoodboxesaroundthecage,withfoodinonlyoneoftheboxes.■Theboxeswerestationary,andtheonecontainingfoodwasalwaysatthesamepointofthecompass.■However,itspositionwithrespecttothesurroundingscouldbechangedbyrevolvingeithertheinnercagecontainingthebirdsortheouterwalls,whichservedasthebackground.■AslongasthebirdscouldseetheSun,nomatterhowtheirsurroundingswerealtered,theywentdirectlytothecorrectfoodbox.■Whethertheboxappeared…

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Hearrangedthefeedboxesatvariouspositionsonacompass.

不定冠词acompass在第一句话里再次出现用的是特指thecompass,所以答案选第一个黑框。

2.词指代替换

带有代词题型也比较简单明了，为了避免重复，我们通常会在第二个句子使用代词代替前面（或者后面）提到过的事物（一个词）或者事件（一句话）。

所以同学们只要正确找到代词所指就能做对此题。

形式一般是this+名词，或者this单独用于指代前面一句话。

Since1980,theuseofwindtoproduceelectricityhasbeengrowingrapidly.█In1994therewerenearly20,000windturbinesworldwide,mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3,000megawattsofelectricity.█MostwereinDenmark（whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines）andCalifornia（where17,000machinesproduced1percentofthestate’selectricity,enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco）.█Inprinciple,allthepowerneedsoftheUnitedStatescouldbeprovidedbyexploitingthewindpotentialofjustthreestates—NorthDakota,SouthDakota,andTexas.█

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Somecompaniesinthepowerindustryareawareofthiswiderpossibilityandareplanningsizablewind-farmprojectsinstatesotherthanCalifornia.

代词thiswiderpossibility这种更加广泛的可能性指代上一句话中的情态动词couldbe,情态动词couldbe在这里表示可能性，所以答案选最后一个选项。

Underverycoldconditions,rockscanbeshatteredbyiceandfrost.Glaciersmayforminpermanentlycoldareas,andtheseslowlymovingmassesoficecutoutvalleys,carryingwiththemhugequantitiesoferodedrockdebris.█Indryareasthewindistheprincipalagentoferosion.█Itcarriesfineparticlesofsand,whichbombardexposedrocksurfaces,therebywearingthemintoyetmoresand.█Evenlivingthingscontributetotheformationoflandscapes.█Treerootsforcetheirwayintocracksinrocksand,insodoing,speedtheirsplitting.Incontrast,therootsofgrassesandothersmallplantsmayhelptoholdloosesoilfragmentstogether,therebyhelpingtopreventerosionbythewind.

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Underdifferentclimaticconditions,anothertypeofdestructiveforcecontributestoerosion.

another是不定代词，指代后一句提到的另外一种destructiveforce。

通过整个段落分析，第一句话destructiveforce包括ice和frost,第二句话另外一种destructiveforce指代的是wind,所以选第一个黑框。

阅读中常出现的代词：

this,this+n,these,another,suchandotheretc.

3.词同义替换

此类句子衔接的方法是指所插入句子里面的词（通常是名词）与所在位置前后句子的词同义替换，这种方法要求会比较高，考生除了要理解插入句子里面词的意思，还要找到所在段落里面与它同义的词。

█Watt'ssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.█Itliberatedindustryfromdependenceonrunningwater.█Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbydrivingefficientpumps,whichmadepossibledeeperanddeepermining.█ThereadyavailabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumandahalf.

Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage．

Thefactoriesdidnothavetogotothestreamswhenpowercouldcometothefactories．

这个句子里面的factories与前一句里的industry同义替换，这里同义替换并不是指两个词要完全对等才能同义替换。

只要两个词之间在某一部分是表同义的就可以。

比如说工业必然会涉及到很多工厂建立，所以我们可以说两个词是同义替换。

答案选第三个黑框。

NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:

Certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.█Byfollowingthefossils．SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEngland'searthintorelativetemporalsequence.█Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.█Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal（animal）successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.█Itwasactuallyaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.

Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thefindingsofthesegeologistsinspiredotherstoexaminetherockandfossilrecordsindifferentpartsoftheworld.

Thefindings意思是“发现”，与段落第二句话thesamediscovery表同义替换，所以这句话应该放在第三块黑框回指前文提到的发现，答案选第三块黑框。

4.连接词衔接

英语里面表达句与句之间的逻辑关系通常会用到连接词，同学们除了要知道连接词的意思，还要知道连接的两个句子是否存在相应的逻辑关系，所以这种方法相对前面几种是比较难的。

常考连接词有表转折，原因，结果，递进等。

█Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipment,similartothebody’svitalorgansandsystems.█Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.█Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.█

Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcreterorair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifyingskeletonandskin.

插入句子中的however表示转折，前后意思相反或者对比。

最后一句话inearlyarchitecture对应插入句子modernarchitecturaldesigns,所以选择最后一个黑色方框。

句子插入题经常出现的转折关系词有：

however,but,yet,whereasandwhileetc.

■Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.■Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.■Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.■Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater.

Consequently是表示结果的逻辑关系词。

整句话意思是所以金枪鱼不需要在水里吮吸。

段落第一句意思：

因为金枪鱼的游动从不停止，它们必须张着嘴使水流经它们的腮。

根据两句话的逻辑意思，因为它张着嘴使水流经它们的腮，所以不需要在水里吮吸。

同学们不仅要理解consequently的意思，还要理解前后两句话的意思才能做对此题。

答案选第二个黑框。

表示结果的逻辑关系词有：

consequently,therefore,so,henceandthusetc.

IthaslongbeenacceptedthattheAmericaswerecolonizedbyamigrationofpeoplesfromAsia,slowlytravelingacrossalandbridgecalledBeringia（nowtheBeringStraitbetweennortheasternAsiaandAlaska）duringthelastIceAge.■Thefirstwatercrafttheoryaboutthemigrationwasthataround11,000-12,000yearsagotherewasanice-freecorridorstretchingfromeasternBeringiatotheareasofNorthAmericasouthofthegreatnorthernglaciers.Itwasthemidcontinentalcorridorbetweentwomassiveicesheets-theLaurentidetothewest-thatenabledthesouthwardmigration.■Butbeliefinthisice-freecorridorbegantocrumblewhenpaleoecologistGlenMacDonalddemonstratedthatsomeofthemostimportantradiocarbondatesusedtosupporttheexistenceofanice-freecorridorwereincorrect.■Hepersuasivelyarguedthatsuchanice-freecorridordidnotexistuntilmuchlater,whenthecontinentalicebeganitsfinalretreat.■

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Moreover,otherevidencesuggeststhatevenifanice-freecorridordidexist,itwouldhavelackedtheresourcesneededforhumancolonization.

Moreover表递进，可译为“此外”，插入句子意思和段落最后一句话表递进关系，译为：

他令人信服地主张那样的不冻地带直到很久以后才出现，那时大陆冰块开