英语写作 写作提纲1.docx
《英语写作 写作提纲1.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语写作 写作提纲1.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
![英语写作 写作提纲1.docx](https://file1.bingdoc.com/fileroot1/2023-5/8/d003400c-a6a7-4b15-b63a-ddb05cbc3440/d003400c-a6a7-4b15-b63a-ddb05cbc34401.gif)
英语写作写作提纲1
一篇文章应该“言之有理(atopic/theme/centralidea)、言之有物(supportingdetails/examples)、言之有序(well-organizedness/good-organization)”。
“言之有理”是人的综合能力,非写作课所能完成;“言之有物”即素材的占有,则有赖于眼观四路耳听八方广泛阅读等等,也不是阅读课所能解决的。
写作课所讲的其实只是“言之有序”一项。
Developingparagraphs
1.TypesofParagraph
Allessays,articlesandbooksaremadeupofparagraphs;thereforeinlearningtowriteweshouldfirstlearntowriteparagraphs.
Whatarethebasicrequirementsofaneffectiveparagraph?
Letusreadafewparagraphsandseehowtheyareformedandwhatwecanlearnfromthem.
(1)TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful.ThereisapopularIrishsongwhichsaysthatthereare100differentshadesofgreenintheIrishlandscape,andthisisnoexaggeration.Thankstogenerousrainfall,muchofthecountrysideiscoveredinrichgreenvegetation,whichiswhyIrelandisalsoknownastheEmeraldIsle.Italsohasavariedlandscapewithdramaticmountains,rockycoastlinesandrollinghills.
M
Ifwereadtheparagraphcarefully,weshallfindthatthewholeparagraphtalksaboutonethingoronetopic:
thebeautyoftheIrishcountryside.Allthefoursentencesinitarerelatedtothiscentralidea,andtonothingelse.This,therefore,isourfirstfinding:
aparagraphshouldhaveone,andonlyone,centralidea.Thiscentralideaisexpressedinthefirstsentenceoftheparagraph:
"TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful."TheotherthreesentencesgiveafewfactsordescriptionstoshowhowbeautifultheIrishcountrysideis.Inasense,thefirstsentencementionsthetopicoftheparagraph,soitmaybecalledthetopicsentence.Thisisthesecondfeaturewehavenoticedintheparagraph.
Thereisinthefirstsentencethephrase"theIrishcountryside,"inthesecond"theIrishlandscape,"inthethird"muchofthecountryside,"andinthefourth"Italsohasavariedlandscape."ThesewordskeepremindingthereaderthattheIrishcountrysideisbeingtalkedabout.Theyconnectthefoursentencesandmaketheparagraphcompact.Sogoodconnectionbetweensentencesisthethirdpointinherentintheparagraph.
Thuswecansaythataneffectiveparagraphgenerallyhasthreefundamentalfeatures:
acentralidea,atopicsentencethatexpressesthecentralidea,andcloseconnectionbetweenthesentences.
Nowletuslookatanotherparagraph.
(2)Forgenerationsthekitchensofthevastmajorityofourhomeshaveactedasliving-roomkitchens.ThesittingroomisreservedforSundayafternoonsandspecialoccasions.Alltheweek-dayactivitieshavetobecarriedoutinthekitchen.Mealsareprepared,cookedandeatenthere;washing,drying,ironingandsewing----allareusuallycarriedoninit.Itisinthekitchenthatthechildrenmustdotheirhomeworkwhilefathersitswithhispaperbythefire,andmothergetsoutthedarning.
J.Jones
Againinthisparagraph,wecanfindallthethreefeaturesofawell-organizedparagraph.Withthefirstsentenceasthetopicsentence,therestoftheparagraphservestobackupthecentralmeaninghowinthepastthekitchenservedasaliving-roomaswellasakitcheninmostEnglishworking-classhomes.Andallthesentencesintheparagraph,aswecanseeclearly,arewellconnected.
Nowletusstudyathirdparagraph.Itisslightlydifferentfromtheabovetwoparagraphs.
(3)Thewindpicksupandbeginstohurlitselfthroughthosedesertedstreets.Signboardsswayviolentlyfromside-to-side,seemingalmosttowanttogowiththewindthatblowsthem.Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches,causingthemtobendandbowdown.Withthewindcomestherain.Theterriblerainbeatsdown,stinginganyoneunfortunateenoughnotyettohavereachedthesafetyofhome.
A.Thomas
Wecanseethatallthesentencesinthisparagraphdescribethesceneofaviolentstorm,butwemaynotbeabletopointoutasentencewhichwecandefineasthetopicsentence.However,withoutatopicsentence,itdoeshaveacentralidea,whichisverywellexpressedbycloselyconnectedsentences.So,sometimeswefindparagraphsinwhichthetopicisnotstatedbutisimpliedinthecontent.
2.WaysofDevelopingaParagraph
1.PlanningaParagraph
Beforewewriteaparagraph,thefirstthingweshoulddoistothinkofacentralideaortheme,andweshouldwriteitdowninacompletesentence,whichwillserveasthetopicsentence.Thenweshouldthinkofthedetailsorexamplestosupportthemainidea.Weneedtoworkoutanoutlinetoputthesedetailsingoodorder.Withtheoutline,theparagraphisalmosthalf-done.
Now,letusdotheplanningofaparagraphtogether.Supposeweplantowriteaparagraphaboutcaringfortheold.Wemayfirstwritedownthesentence"Thegenerationgapisarealityofmodemtimes."Andnowwearrangethedetailsinthisorder:
(1)Inthepast,oldpeopleweretakencareofbytheirchildren.
(2)Oldpeopleusedtoberespectedbytheyoungergeneration.
(3)Thingsareverydifferentnow.
(4)Manyoldpeopleareleftalonetolookafterthemselves
Withthisoutline,wecanstarttowritetheparagraphwiththetopicsentenceasitsopeningsentence.
Thereisnodoubtaboutit:
thegenerationgapisarealityofmodemtimes.Inthepastanoldpersoncouldexpecttobecaredforbyhischildren.Itwascustomaryforanoldparenttomoveintothehomeofoneofhismarriedsonsordaughters.Herehewouldbelovedandhonoreduntilhisdyingday.Nowadaysthisisbynomeansthenaturalprogressionoflife.Manyoldpeopleareleftaloneto'fendforthemselves,abandonedbytheirchildren.
2.DevelopmentbyTime
Therearemanypossiblewaystodevelopaparagraph.Thefirstonewearegoingtostudyisthemethodofdevelopmentbytime,ortowriteaparagraphinchronologicalorder.
(1)ThefirstrailroadsweredevelopedinEuropeinthesixteenthcentury.Theylookednothinglikethoseoftoday.Therailswereofwood,andthecars,smallwoodencartswhichhauledcoal,weredrawnbyhorses.Bytheearlynineteenthcentury,railroadtechnologyhadadvancedconsiderably.Steamlocomotiveshadbeendeveloped,andcastironwasusedfortracks.In1825arailroadlinebegancarryingpassengersaswellasfreight.ThatsameyearAmerica'sfirstknownsteamlocomotivewasrunonacirculartrackatHoboken,NewJersey.SoonAmericanlocomotivesandrailroadsweremultiplyingrapidly.Manyshortraillineswerelaidduringthe1830s.Theseshortlineswerethenlinkedwithoneanother,andbytheearly1840snetworksofrailsconnectedalltheeasterncities.
B.Sherman
ThisparagraphgivesabriefhistoryoftherailroadinEuropeandAmerica.Anobviousfeatureoftheparagraphisthatthedetailsarearrangedinorderoftime.Inotherwords,thingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened,thefirstthingfirstandthelastthinglast.Thisisaneasyandclearwaytoarrangeaparagraph.Hereisanotherparagraphdevelopedinchronologicalorder.
(2)Iwalkedthroughtheschool-gateswithbutterfliesinmytummy.WouldIlikethisschool?
Wouldmyclassmateslikeme?
Wouldtheteacherbestrict?
AllthesethoughtswerebuzzinginmyheadasImountedthestairstomynewclassroom.Istoodbytheteacher'sdeskfacingtheclass,andwasintroduced.ItrembledasIfelttheireyesallgazingcriticallyatme.TheteacherseemedkindandslippedherarmaroundmyshoulderasIfacedthestareoftheclass.Thenclassesbegan.Ilistenedtotheteacher'swords,concentratingonmywork,andforgettingmyapprehensionandfears.Duringtherecessthegirlscrowdedroundmetofindoutallaboutme.Theyallseemedgood-naturedandIsoonfoundmyselfacceptedastheirfriend.AttheendofthedayIwalkedhomehappilyasallmyworriesofthemorninghaddissolvedtonothing.Thisnewschoolwouldbeahappyplaceforme.
Student
Inthisparagraph,theauthortellsaboutherfirstdayatanewschoolusingchronologicalorder.Phraseslike"then","duringtherecess","attheendoftheday"areusedtoindicatethetimewhenthingshappened.Withthismethod,theauthorgivesthereaderavividpictureofherexperienceandthechangesofherfeelingsduringtheday.
Exercises:
Writeparagraphsusingthefollowingastopics.
(1)DescribeyourfirstvisittoBeijingoranyotherbigcityinChina.
(2)Describeyourfirstdayatanewschool.
(3)Describeadayyouspentwithyourbestfriend.
(4)DescribeaQingmingFestivalwhenyousweptyourancestors’graveswithyourfamily.
3.DevelopmentbyProcess
Readthefollowingparagraph.
(1)Movinghouseisamajorupheavalinpeople'slives.Beforethemencometoactuallymovethefurniture,manythingsmustbedoneinpreparation.Allthetoys,normallystrewnaroundthehouse,mustbegatheredtogetherandputintolargeboxesforeasytransportation.Allbookstoomustbeputawayinanorderlyfashionsoasnottobedamagedintransit.Drawersandwardrobesshouldbeemptiedandtheircontentscarefullypacked.Picturesshouldbetakendownfromthewallsandwrappedwithpropercloth.Andlastly,don'tforgettotakedownallthecurtainsandblinds.Sooneverythingispreparedandtheremovalmenarrive.Alltheboxesandfurnitureareloadedintothelorry.Aquickcheckisnecessarytomakesuretheflatisemptyandthelorryisoffonitswaytothenewflat.
A.G.Lee
Theparagraphgivesastep-by-stepdescriptionofgettingthingsreadybeforemovingahouse.Thismethodiscalleddevelopmentbyprocess.Itisaveryusefulmethodwhenwetellpeoplehowtodothingsincorrectorder,soastoavoidmistakesorevenfailures.Beforewedevelopaparagraphbyprocess,itisimportanttomakecleartherightsequenceofthethingstobedone,andstateeverystepinaclearway.Veryoften,presenttenseisusedininstructi