翻译理论关键词.docx

翻译理论关键词.docx

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翻译理论关键词

∙Communication

∙ConsecutiveInterpreting

∙Creole

∙Dialect

∙Chuchotage

∙Discourse

∙DiscourseAnalysis

∙DiscourseMarkers

∙Effectiveness

∙Efficiency

∙Fidelity

∙Fluency

∙FreeTranslation

∙Globalization

∙Honorifics

∙Idealtranslation

∙Idiolect

∙Inflection

∙Internationalization

∙Interpreting

∙Language

∙LanguageFamily

∙LanguageType

∙LegalTranslation

∙Lexis

∙LiaisonInterpreting

∙Localization

∙LiaisonInterpreting

∙MachineTranslation

∙Machine-AidedTranslation

∙Mediation

∙Morpheme

∙Morphology

∙NaturalLanguageProcessing

∙Pidgin

∙Register

∙Semantics

∙SimultaneousInterpreting

∙SourceText

∙SpeechAct

∙SpeechCommunity

∙Syllabary

∙TargetText

∙TelephoneInterpreting

∙Tenor

∙TextAct

∙ToneLanguages

∙Translation

∙TranslationMemory

∙Typesoftranslation

∙UnitOfTranslation

∙WhistledSpeech

∙WordOrder

∙Word-For-WordTranslation

∙WorldKnowledge

∙Bibliography

Communication:

Communicationisthetransferofanintendedmessage,andthisisthepurposeoflanguageitself.Obviously,thisprocesscanbedividedintotwobroadstages:

transmission（speaking,writing）andreception（listening,reading）.

Butthereareanothertwostages:

beforetransmission,formulatingthemessageaccurately（coherence）andafterreception,understandingthemessageaccurately（assimilation）.Thesesoundlikesimpleprocesses,yetinfacttheyarenot:

forexample,howoftendowereallyhavethepatiencetolistencloselytowhatsomeoneelseistellingus?

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ConsecutiveInterpreting:

Theinterpreterstartstotranslateonlyafterthespeakerhasfinishedhis/herutterance.Oftenusedatsmallerconferencesetc.,generallyusedincourtroomsettings,speeches.Justoneinterpreterisoftenenough.

Creole:

AmothertongueformedfromthecontactofaEuropeanlanguage（esp.English,French,orPortuguese）withanother（esp.African）language.（OED）

Dialect:

1.Aformofspeechpeculiartoaparticularregion.

2.Asubordinatevarietyofalanguagewithnon-standardvocabulary,pronunciation,orgrammar.（OED）

Chuchotage:

Theinterpreterispostedbesidetheclientandinrealtimediscretely'whispers'his/hertranslationofthespeechactivity.

Discourse:

Modesofspeakingandwritingwhichinvolveparticipantsinadoptingaparticularattitudetowardsareasofsocio-culturalactivity（e.g.racistdiscourse,officialese,etc.）.（DaL）

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DiscourseAnalysis:

Inthiscontext,thestudyofmeaningusingalargeunitoftranslation,e.g.paragraphorpagelevel,andtakingintoaccountthewidestpossiblecontext.

DiscourseMarkers:

Wordssuchas'good','but',uh-huh','well'thatdivideup（andalsolink）sectionsofspeech.

Effectiveness:

Optimumachievementofacommunicativegoal.（DaL）

Efficiency:

Achievementofacommunicativegoalinthemosteconomicmannerpossible.Languageusersnormallycounterbalanceeffectivenessandefficiencyinordertoachievemaximumeffectfromminimumuseofresources.（DaL）

Fidelity

Thereisthequestionofwhetheratranslationoughttoemphasizeitsliteralfidelitytothesourcetext,orwhetheritisentitledtoaimforafreerrelationshiptoitssource,basingitsmainclaimtosuccessonitsviabilityasanewtextinanewlanguage.The“faithfulversusfree”debatehastakenmanyforms,andadoptingoneorotherposition（inamoreorlessrigorousform）doesnotautomaticallyanswerallotherquestionsassociatedwithaparticulartext.Onemayholdthatthefirstdutyofatranslationistobefaithfultothesource-languagetext（rulingoutwhatarecalled“bellesinfidèles”）,whilestillrecognizingthattheresultingtranslationmustbeconsonantwithotherimportantcriteria.Evenanextremecommitmenttofidelity,privilegingtheformsandmeaningsofthesourcetext,doesnotmeanthatthetranslationisreducedtoamere“comprehensiontest”.Showingunderstandingisanecessary,butnotasufficientcondition.Acreativeresponsecanbeachievedwithintheconstraintsofaccuracy.Asenseoffaithfulnesstotarget-languagestylemayrequirechangesinconstructionorsentencestructure.Ifone’sprincipalaimisafaithfulversion,suchchangesshouldalwaysbeattemptedwherenecessary,butneverwherethereisnoimperativeneed.Translationsshouldnotbeapproximationsorparaphrases,exceptwhereadirecttranslationisimpossibleforreasonsinvolvedwithpeculiaritiesofTL（style,availablevocabulary&c）.

If,ontheotherhand,onefeelsthatalesserdegreeoffidelityisnecessaryordesirablewhentranslatingaparticulartext,oneshouldbeabletojustifythatposition.Anobviouscase,whichwouldbeacceptedevenbystrongproponentsoffidelity,wouldbewhereoneistranslatingrhymedverseintorhymedverse,andcannotalwaysbefully“faithful”bothtotherhyme-schemeandtothemeaningofeachline.Sometimesculture,ratherthanwordforms,maypromptthetranslatortoconsiderdepartingfromword-for-wordcorrespondence:

findinganequivalentproverbinthetargetlanguage,orrenderingindecentexpressionswhereadirecttranslationwouldhaveadifferentforceinthetargetlanguage,compellingthetranslatortochoosebetweenequivalenteffectandprecisesemantictranslation.Amoredebatablecasefor“freedom”wouldbewherethetranslatorwishestorewritethesourcetextastheoriginalauthormighthavewrittenitinthetargetlanguage,cultureandtime（“nowandinAmerica”,asRobertLowellputit）,orevenbyinterpretingnotonlywhattheauthorhasdone,butalsowhatheorshe“wantedandoughttohavedone”（Goethe,quotedbyAudenandMayer）.Allofthesepositionsmaybedefensibleindifferentcircumstances;thetranslatormustatleastbeabletoshowanawarenessofwhatchoicesarebeingmade,andwhatcosts,lossesoradvantagesareassociatedwitheachchoice.Ifoptingforafreeversionorimitationratherthanaclosetranslationforanelementofyourportfolio,itmightbehelpfultoincludeastrictliteralrenderingalongsidethefreerversion,inordertoestablishthatfreedomdoesnotderivefrommisunderstanding.

AsourMPhilcourseisbasedinanumberofforeignlanguagedepartments,wemaytendtoleantowardsthetraditionalviewthatfidelityshouldbethedefaultpositionwhenprovingone’scompetenceasatranslator.Thisconforms,forexample,withthegeneralpositiontakenintheCodeofPracticeandProfessionalEthicsadoptedbytheIrishTranslators’andInterpreters’Association（www.translatorsassociation.ie/204.pdf）,whichstates,undertheheadingofImpartiality（4.1）:

“MembersoftheAssociationshouldendeavourtotheutmostoftheirabilitytoprovideaguaranteedfaithfulrenderingoftheoriginaltextwhichmustbeentirelyfreeoftheirownpersonalinterpretation,opinionorinfluence”.Weareaware,however,thatliterarytranslatorsandscholarshavefrequentlyarguedthatsuchacriterionofimpartialityisillusoryorinappropriatefortheliterarytranslator.Whatwerequire,then,isthatdeparturesfromthefidelityapproachshouldbeclearlysignalled,andifnecessarydefended.

Fluency

Next,thequestionoffluency.AtraditionalviewoftranslationholdsthatwhileaccuratelyreflectingtheSLtext,thetranslationshouldreadfluentlyintheTL.Asfaraspossible,itshouldnotberecognizableasatranslation.Thereisaschooloftranslationwhichthinksaforeigntextshouldretainitsforeignness,butthisisseldomtheeffectrequiredbycommissioningeditors（rightlyorwrongly）.BeingfaithfultoTLstyleimpliesthatthesamewordwillnotalwaysberenderedbythesamewordinthetranslation.

Ifadoptingthecontraryview,bepreparedagaintodocumentanddefendit.

FreeTranslation:

Translatinglooselyfromtheoriginal.Contrastedwithwordforwordorliteraltranslation,thismaybethebestmethoddependingonthemostappropriateunitoftranslationinvolved.

Globalization:

Globalizationaddressesthebusinessissuesassociatedwithtakingaproductglobal.Intheglobalizationofhigh-techproductsthisinvolvesintegratinglocalizationthroughoutacompany,afterproperinternationalizationandproductdesign,aswellasmarketing,sales,andsupportintheworldmarket.（PGL）

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Honorifics:

Alllanguageshaveparticularwaysofshowingpoliteness（e.g.Frenchtu/vous,Spanishtu/usted,Japaneseyomu/yomi-masu）.（Aol）

Theidealtranslationshouldbe…

∙Accurate:

reproducingasexactlyaspossiblethemeaningofthesourcetext.

∙Natural:

usingnaturalformsofthereceptorlanguageinawaythatisappropriatetothekindoftextbeingtranslated.

∙Communicative:

expressingallaspectsofthemeaninginawaythatisreadilyunderstandabletotheintendedaudience.

Idiolect:

Featuresoflanguagevariationcharacteristicofanindividualspeaker:

basically,everyonehasauniquewayoftalking.

Inflection:

Achangeintheformof（aword）toexpresstense,gender,number,mood,etc.（OED）

Internationalization:

Internationalizationistheprocessofgeneralizingaproductsothatitcanhandlemultiplelanguagesandculturalconventionswithouttheneedforre-design.Internationalizationtakesplaceatthelevelofprogramdesignanddocumentdevelopment.（PGL）

Interpreting:

Interpretingcanbedefinedasthetranslationofspeechorally,asopposedtotranslationofwrittentexts.（OED）

Itrequiresspecialskills（notetaking,summarizing,languageskills）,agoodmemory,sheermentalstaminaand,often,arduoustraining. 

Anumberofnationalandinternationalorganizationsgoverntheprofession,whiletheUnitedNationsInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsentitleseverydefendantinacrimi