实物配送2.docx

实物配送2.docx

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实物配送2

Technicalreport1—Internationaltransportmodes

Table—Internationaltransportmodes

Mode

Totalmodecost

Costperpallet

Transittime

Modeadvantages

Modedisadvantages

Sea

￡620

￡24.8

7days

1.lowfreight

2.Largevolume

3.Longdistance

1.Thespeedisslow.

2.Affectedbytheweather

Air

￡1265

￡253

4hours

1.Fastspeed

2.Lowrisk

1.Hightotalcost

2.Theweightlimit

Rail

￡1,275

￡51

2days

1.Fastspeed

2.Largetransportcapacity

3.Lowcost

4.Safety

1.Highcost

2.Inflexible

Directroad

￡1350

￡67.5

3days

1.Flexible

2.lowinvestment

1.highenergyconsumption

2.smalltransportcapacity

Multi-mode

￡1185

￡47.4

7daysand

18hours

1.flexibly

2.reducecost

3.speedupthespeedof

transportation

1.highcostofinvestment

2.thegoodsthatcanbetransportedhavecertainlimitations

Technicalreport2—Consignmentdeliveryterms

Table—Incotermsandtheirdefinition

（Thefirstrowhasbeencompletedasanexample）

Initial

Incoterm

Description

EXW

ExWorks（namedplaceofdelivery）

Thebuyerisresponsibleforunloading.Thistermplacesthemaximumobligationonthebuyerandminimumobligationsontheseller.TheExWorkstermisoftenusedwhenmakinganinitialquotationforthesaleofgoodswithoutanycostsincluded.EXWmeansthatasellerhasthegoodsreadyforcollectionathispremisesonthedateagreedupon.Thebuyerpaysalltransportationcostsandalsobearstherisksforbringingthegoodstotheirfinaldestination.Thesellerdoesn’tloadthegoodsoncollectingvehiclesanddoesn’tclearthemforexport.

FOB

FreeonBoard（namedportofshipment）

UndertheFOBcondition,thesellerassumesallthecostsandrisksuntilthegoodsareloadedonboard.Thesellermustalsoarrangetheexportclearanceprocedures.Thebuyerpaystheoceanfreight,billoflading,insurance,dischargeandtransportationchargesfromtheportofarrivaltothedestination.

FCA

FreeCarrier（named

placeofdelivery）

Atradetermrequiringthesellertodeliverthegoodstothedesignatedairport,wharforotherplacewherethecarrieroperates.Transportationcostandlossriskaretransferredtothebuyerafterdeliverytothecarrier.Theseller,whendeliveringthegoods,fulfillshisobligationtodeliverthegoods,whichisresponsibleforthebuyer'sdesignatedcarrierattheappointedplace.

CIF

Cost,Insurance&

Freight（namedportof

destination）

Thecomponentsofthepriceincludetheusualfreightandtheagreedpremiumfromtheportofshipmenttotheportofdestination,sotheseller,inadditiontothesameobligationsasthetermsoftheCFR,alsohandlestheinsuranceforthebuyerandpaysthepremiumforthebuyer.Accordingtogeneralinternationaltradepractice,theinsuranceamountinsuredbytheSellershallbeaddedtoCIFat10%.

CPT

CarriagePaidto

（namedplaceofdestination）

Oncethegoodshavebeendeliveredtothecarrier,theriskofdamageorlossofthegoodsbeingtransportedwillbetransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Thesellerisonlyresponsibleforarrangingthegoodstothedestination,insteadofinsuringthegoodswhentransportingthegoods.Itisdesignedtomeettheneedsofmodernenterprises.

CIP

CARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO（namedplaceofdestination）

Thesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrierorthefirstcarrierandpaysthegoodstothedestination.Atthesametime,thesellermustobtaintheinsuranceofthegoodsintransit.Afterthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrier,theriskwillbepassedtothebuyer.

DAT

DeliveredAtTerminal

（namedterminalat

portorplaceof

destination）

TheIncotermnoticerequiresthesellertodischargethegoodsatthedesignateddock.Thesellertakesallthetransportationcosts（export,freight,themaincarrierunloadingandportofdestination）andassumesallrisksuntilthedestinationorthedestinationisreached.

Allexpensesafterunloading（suchasimportduties,customsduties,customsandtransportationcharges）shallbebornebythebuyer.However,itisimportanttonotethatanydelayonthepierisusuallybornebytheseller.

DAP

DeliveredatTerminal

（namedplaceofdestination）

Thismeansthatthesellertakesallthetransportationcosts,suchastheexport,freight,theunloadingofthemaincarrierfromtheportofdestinationandtheportofdestination,andmustbearalltherisksuntilthedestinationorthedestination.Theterminalcanbeaport,anairportoraninlandfreightinterchange.Importduties/taxes/customschargesaretobebornebythebuyer.Whenthebuyercontrolsthegoods,theriskispassedtothebuyer.

DDP

DeliveredDutyPaid

（namedplaceof

destination）

Thismeansthatthesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothedesignatedplaceatthebuyer'splaceandpayingalltheexpensesforthedeliveryofthegoodstothedestination,includingimportdutiesandtaxes.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloadingthegoods.Whenthesellerdeliversthegoodsatthedesignateddestination,theriskispassedtothebuyer.Thisclauseputstheseller'smaximumobligationsandthebuyer'sminimumobligationstogether.

Incoterms2010istheInternationalChamberofCommerceannouncesthetermsofinternationalcontracts.Itincludes11terms,suchastheabovetable.TheseProvisionsenhancetheefficiencyofinternationaltradeandsimplifytheprocessandstage.

Table—Allocationsofcostbuyer/selleraccordingtoIncoterms2010

（Thefirstandsecondrowshavebeencompletedasexamples）

Incoterm2010

Export-

Customsdeclaration

Carriagetoportofexport

Unloadingoftruckinportofexport

Loadingchargesinportofexport

Carriage（SeaFreight/AirFreight）toportofimport

Unloadingchargesinportofimport

Loadingontruckinportofimport

Carriagetoplaceofdestination

Insurance

Importcustomsclearance

Importtaxes

EXW

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

FOB

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

FCA

Seller

Seller

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

CIF

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer/Seller

Buyer

Buyer

Seller

Buyer

Buyer

CPT

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer/Seller

Seller

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer

CIP

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer/Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer

Buyer

DAT

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer

Buyer

Buyer/Seller

Buyer

Buyer

DAP

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer/Seller

Buyer

Buyer

DDP

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer/Seller

Seller

Seller

Fortheimportanceofinformationproviders,itensuresthattransactionsarecompletedsuccessfullyandsafely.Buyersandsellerscansigncontracts,includingrights,obligationsandotherrelevantprovisions.Italsoclearlyshowsthepriceandcostbetweenthebuyerandtheseller.

Technicalreport3—Consolidationandgroupagearrangements

Chart—Consolidationandgroupagearrangements

Definitionof

Groupage

Groupageisaplacewhereseveralconsignorsaresenttoafewconsigneestobesenttoadestinationsomewhereinaplaceoforigin.Suchgoodsareusuallypackagedandmergedbythecarrieratthefreightpoint.Forthecarrierofsuchgoods,thecarriershallundertaketheoperationofboxingandunboxing.Loadingandunloadingchargesstilltaketheresponsibilityofthecargocarrier,whichisbasicallythesameasthetraditionalfreighttransport.

Consolidation

Itmeansthatthecargointhecontainerisloadedandunloadedatthesameport,andthegoodswillnotbeunpackedbeforethegoodsarriveattheportofdestination,thatis,thegoodsarethesameportofdischarge.Thiskindofcounterserviceisshort,convenientandfast,andthegeneralstrengthcabinetcompanywillprovideonlythiskindofservice.Conversionreferstothefactthatthegoodsinthecontainerarenotthesameportofdestination,andtheyneedtobeunloaded,shippedortransshippedmidway.Becauseofthedifferentportsofdestinationandlongwaitingtime,suchgoodshavealongertransportationperiodandevenhigherfreightcharges.

Circumstanceswhentheycouldbeused

Itneedstobefasterthanmultimodaltransport

Groupsareusuallyusedbysea,railandthroughroads.Itsquantityisnotlarge,andthegoodsdonothavestricttimerequirements.

Consolidationisapplicabletoairtransportationandtransportationnecessities,soconsolidationwillbeusedincaseswhereemergencysituationsortransportationneedlesstime.

Costeffectivepalletloadlevel

Inthefirstpart,thechoiceisdirectroad,thecostis1350,andeachpalletis108,sotheresultis1350/108=12.5.

Throughcalculation,theresultis12.5,sowhentheloadisequaltoorgreaterthan12.5pallets,thedirectroadmodeiseffective.However,accordingtothismethod,12oftheresultsarefinallyobtained.

Technicalreport4—leasttotalcostconceptCasestudyextension

Table–TransitcostsKirriemuirtoMontreal

Item

RouteFrom

Routetoandaveragetransittime

Costper40ftcontainer

Transitextras

Roadbyrigidcontainerflatbedlorry

KirrimuirBottlingPlant

CoatbridgeRailport

1day

£145

OnloadKirriemuir£0

（BottlingCompanylifttruckandstaff）

OffloadCoatbridge£28

Roadbyrigidcontainerflatbedlorry

KirrimuirBottlingPlant

TilburyContainerTerminal2days

£505

OnloadKirriemuir£0

（BottlingCompanylifttruckandstaff）

OffloadTilbury£32

DemurrageTilburyAverage8days£15per24hours

Fist48hoursfree

RailbyTransfreight

Coatbridge

Railport

SouthamptonContainerTerminal1day

£315

OnloadCo