上海高考英语新题型summary解题思路详解.docx

上海高考英语新题型summary解题思路详解.docx

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上海高考英语新题型summary解题思路详解

Summary如何写（I）

说明文的summary

我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例

TheProblemofPackaging

第一段

Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.

第二段

Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.

第三段

Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.

第四段

Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainvigilantanddotheirpart.

我们先来把每段的大意理一下：

第一段的中心应该就是讲Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。

第二段呢？

讲了两层意思，一层：

垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：

这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。

第三段：

中心句很清晰啊Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。

最后一段了：

尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。

包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。

说明文概要模板

a.现象揭示类：

Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon--（主题）,which….（补充解释）.

b.利弊对比类：

Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…

Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.

Onthepositiveside…,butitmayalso….

c.研究显示类：

Thestudyrevealsthat…

Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…

Summary:

Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.（50words）

Summary如何写（II）

Adrivinggoalformostwebsitesisforthatsitetobeeasilyfoundbypeoplelookingfortheproductsorservices.Oneofthewayspeoplemayfindthesesitesisviaasearchengine.Withthisinmind,companiesobviouslywanttheirwebsitestoappealtosearchenginesaswell.（第一段文字讲网站要让搜索引擎喜欢，那预测下，接下来的文字可能会是，该怎么让搜索引擎喜欢呢？

有什么要注意的要素呢？

）

Firstofall,websitecontentshouldbeuniqueandtimely.（第一句话是主题句，网站内容要独特新颖且及时）Onlyqualitycontentensuresthatcustomerswillfrequentyourwebsiteandalsorecommendittofriendsvialinksorthroughsocialchannels.Thisactofsharingnotonlygivesyoursitemorechancesofpublicexposurebutitalsohelpstopushupyoursearchenginerankings,whichextendshugepsychologicalimplicationtootherengineusersaspeopletendtofollowsuit.

NowfamoussearchenginessuchasGoogleusemobilefriendlinessasarankingsignal（这个词出现了，后面几段文字都是在讲搜索引擎会关注的rankingsignal啊，这个词在summary中必须出现啊）intheirrankingalgorithm（算法）.Therefore,ifyoursiteisnotapplicableformobiledevices,youareofferingalessthanidealexperiencetosomeusersandinresultsearchengineswilltakethedisadvantageintoaccount.（这段文字的主要词眼是mobilefriendliness）

AnotherkeyrankingsignalthatGoogleandothersearchenginesweighheavilyispagespeedandoverallsiteperformance.（又是主题句，关键词是pagespeed和overallsiteperformance）Ifyoursiteisloadedwithtoomanyhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosorotherelements,muchviewingtimewillbecaused.Thesewillmakesluggish,slowloadingthatfrustrateandoftendriveawayvisitors.It'stimetoreducethepagesizeasallthevisitorsappreciatefasterdownload.Someareevenwillingtotradebettervisualexperiencesforhighviewingspeed.Asuserpreferencestandsontopofanysearchengine'slistofpriority,searchengineswilllookveryfavorablyuponthespeedimprovementsofthewebsites.

Inaddition,forahotwebsite,appropriateupdatefrequencyisalsovital.（又是主题句，词眼是updatefrequency）Althoughthecontentiscurrentanduptodatewhenitisfirstlaunched,itwillsoonloseitsfreshnesswiththeexplosionofothervariousonlineresources.Ifthecontentonyourwebsiteshasappearedonothersitesbefore,yourwebsiteissoonerorlatertobedesertedbecauseofhumans’natureofhavingalowboredomthreshold（门槛）.Inturn,yourwebsite’ssearchrankingwilldropdrastically.

Finally,don’tlookdownoncustomerexperience.（主题句，关键词是customerexperience）Toooftenpeopleignorethebenefitsofcreatingaviewingexperiencethatisenjoyable.Whenassessingyourwebsite'suserfriendliness,understandthateaseofusecomesfirst,butdonotdiscountthebenefitsofaddingabitofdelightintothatexperienceaswell.

整理下思路：

该文章主要讲了网站为了迎合搜索引擎，必须要考虑到搜索引擎的一些rankingsignals，分别是uniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequency和enjoyablecustomerexperience.

Summary:

Thisarticlefocusesonhowwebsitesmakethemselveseasilyaccessibletousersthroughsearchengines.Therankingsignalstobeconsideredincludeuniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequencyandenjoyablecustomerexperience.（41words）

总结

语言图式，内容图式，结构图式

教师在讲解试卷的过程中，如果只是就题目而分析的话，可能就失去了很多好的机会让学生更立体的了解一段文字，往往我们更多地关注文章的语言图式和内容图式，对结构图式避而不谈，这是“只见树木，不见森林”的做法。

如果学生对文章的结构脉络了解清楚的话，对做完形，阅读题都是十分有帮助的，当然，写文章一样。

summary很重要的一点就是要看出文章的结构。

当然，该文章是说明文，本来结构就比较清楚。

Summary如何写（III）--说明文

OnEarth,there'snodoubtthattheyhavehighlydevelopedsensestostayaliveandthrive.Butwhilesomeoftheirfeaturesmaybecomparedtotaste,sight,touchandsmellinhumans,haveyoueverwondered--canplantsthink?

（这是整篇文章作者想要解决的问题）

Onland,thecumulativemassofplantsis1000timeshigherthanthatofanimals.Buttheseplantsareimmobileandcan'tmovearoundintheirenvironment;whichis,seemingly,aprettybigevolutionarydisadvantage.Thishasforcedplantstoadaptinamazingwaysthatoftengounnoticedbythenakedeye.

Smellsomethingfunny?

Plantsdotoo-andtheyreacttothesechemicalsintheair.Forexample,whenfruitsstarttoripen,theyreleaseachemicalcalledethylene.Andwhenneighboringfruitssensethispheromone,theyripenfaster,sothatallfruitsmatureatthesametime.

Plantsalsogiveoffscentswhichattractinsectstospreadtheirpollen.Inparticular,theamazingcarrionflowersgrowtinyhairs,feelwarmandsmelllikerottingfleshinanattempttomimicadeadcorpse.Thisistoattractfliesandbeetlesaspollinators.Ontheotherhand,whenaplantisattackedbyaninsect,animalorpathogen,itknows.Whenacaciatreesaregrazedbyanimals,theyquicklyreactbyproducingchemicalscalledtannins,whichmaketheirleavesunappetizingandtoughtodigest.Someevenproduceenoughtoxintokilltheanimal.Perhapsmoreimpressivearesomecornandcottonplants,whichwheneatenbycaterpillars,releasechemicalsintheairthatattractparasiticwasps,whoflyinandultimatelykilltheinsects.（以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题。

）

Onsomelevel,theycommunicatewiththewasps.Crazyasitseems,evensoundrecordingsofcaterpillarschewingleaves,triggerthisresponse.Withoutanyfromoftouch,theplantsreact,asiftheycanhear.

（这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情！

这也太神奇了点。

）

Onalargescale,plantsalsoworktogether.Awebofundergroundfungicanconnecttreerootsinforests,allowingthemtoexchangenutrientsandinformation.

Usingradioactiveisotopes,scientistsdiscoveredthattreessharewaterandnutrientswithothersinneed.Largetreesnourishsmallershadedonesuntiltheyaretallenoughtoreachsunlight,Andtreesthatstaygreenallyearroundsharenutrientswithtreesthatlosetheirleavesinwinter,helpingthemthroughtheseason.Whichisthenrepaidinthesummermonths,likeatransactionalexchange.Somescientistrefertothisasthe"wood-wideweb".（这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生！

合作！

）

Perhapsthemostshockingfact,isthatsomeplantsseemtohavememory.Mimosapedicabplants,arethoseleafyplantsthatcloseupwhentouched.Thisreflexismeanttoscareawayinsectsthatlandonthem.Inanexperimentonthesereflexes,scientistsnoticethatwhendroppedfrom15cm，theywouldclosewhentheyhittheground,Notsosurprising.Butafterrepeatingthedrop4or5times,someoftheplantsstoppedclosing，asthoughtheyhadrealizedthestimuluswasn'tharmful.Iftheywereshakeninstead,theywouldclose,butanytimetheyweredroppedfromthissameheight,theystayedopen.Thiseffectlastedforweeks-theplantshadmemories.（这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。

“千万别招惹他们，哈哈哈”）

Ofcourse,plantsdon'thavebrainsorothercellsandorgansthatwedeemnecessaryforintelligence.Brainsandneuronsareirreplaceable,butplantsareimmobileandoftenattacked,sotheymustbeabletosurviveafterpartofthemiseaten,ordestroyed.Abrainjustwouldn'twork.Butifyoumeasureintelligenceorthoughtastheabilitytosolveproblems,interactwithanenvironment,andevenworkingroups,thenplantsareincrediblysmart.（这段文字是总结，最后的一句尤其赞，基本概括好了前文所讲的内容，但有点搞不懂的是为什么对memory这两段文字视而不见呢？

）

Summary:

Thisarticlefocusesonwhetherplants