英语词汇学复习资料.doc

英语词汇学复习资料.doc

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《英语词汇学》复习资料

IntroductionEnglishasaglobal

1.Lexicology（词汇学）isabranchoflinguistics（语言学）.

2.Lexicology和哪些重要的学科建立了联系

1）Morphology（构词学）2）Semantics（语义学）3）Stylistics（语体学）4）Etymology（词源学）

3.研究lexicology的两大方法

1）Diachronicapproach:

历时语言学

2）Synchronicapproach:

共时语言学

Chapter1Lexicologyandbasicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary

1.Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitrary（任意的）andconventional（约定的,俗称的）.

3.sound＆form

Thesoundshouldbesimilarto/consistentwiththeform,buttherearesomeillogical不合逻辑的andirregularity不规则的

1）influencedbyRomans

2）Pronunciationchanged

3）earlyscribes（抄写员）

4）borrowing

4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.

5.ClassificationofWords

basicfull/content实义词native/Anglo-Saxonwords

frequencynotionorigin

nonbasic/vocabularyfunctional/empty功能词borrowed/loan

（1）Thecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthe

Allnationalcharactercommoncareofthelanguage.

Stability（稳定性）

Productivity（多产性）

Polysemy（一词多义）

Collocability（可搭配性）neutralinstyle（中立性）

（2）Twofeatureofnativewords

frequentinuse

据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?

50,000to60,000他们的来源是（Anglo_Saxontongue）

（3）什么叫borrowedwords?

1）wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.

2）ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary

3）TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.

Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

1.OldEnglish属于Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（印欧语系）——Germanic（日耳曼语系），与德语最相似.

2.History　

1）OldEnglish（450-1150）

a.Thefirstpeopleknowntoinhabit（居住）EnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic（凯尔特语）.

b.ThesecondlanguagewastheLatin（拉丁语）oftheRomanLegions（罗马军队）.

Romaninvasion→Anglo-Saxon

三个事件TheintroductionofChristianity→拉丁文的涌入

Vikinginvasion（北欧海盗）andScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入

2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）　　

TheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish——上层人物

13世纪末Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？

French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod

easel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？

MiddleEnglish,Dutch（带来了2500个词汇）

3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）

TheRenaissance（文艺复兴）:

LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage（文化遗产）.

TheIndustrialRevolution（工业革命）:

17世纪中期Withthegrowthofcolonization（殖民化）,Britishtentacles（魔爪）beganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorb（吸收）wordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

十六世纪，有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致soundandform出现concord（一致）和standardization

第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：

Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu标准化

Inflectionallanguage屈折语Analyticallanguage分析语　　

Threemainsources（来源）newwords

Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

Social,economicandpoliticalchanges

　Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

　Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.

　Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

　Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）

Chapter3ThestructureofEnglishwords

1.Morpheme——Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）

Free→canstandaloneasaword/independentofothermorphemes

Typeprefixation前缀

Lexical→derivational→affixation

　　Bound→addedtoothermorphemessuffixation后缀

Grammatical→inflectional

2.Morph——Amorphememustberealizedbydiscrete（离散的）units.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.

Monomorphenicwords——morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.

Allomorph（词素变体）——Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.

3.Root——Arootisthebasicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

（Whatremainsofawordaftertheremovalofallaffixes.）

Stem——aformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

　Base——referstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Itcanbearootorstem.　

astemmayconsistofasinglerootortworootsandarootplusaaffix.

astemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot.

请加以区别下面两个词的特征:

nation,dict加以理论的分析

（1）Bothnationanddictbelongtoroots,nationisfreeroot,whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence,

（2）Nationasafreeroot,hascompletemeaning,whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitareremoved,nationasafree

root,stillremains

Dictisaboundroot,whichcannotfunctionalonegrammatically,dictcarriesthefundamentalmeaningofwords,dict

hastocombinewiththeothermorphemestocreatenewwords,forexample,dictionary,contradiction.

Chapter4Word-formationinEnglish

1.Therearefourmaintypesofword-formationinEnglish.

（1）★Affixation（prefixationandsuffixation）构词能力最强

Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestostems.

（2）Compounding/Composition复合法——alexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.

eg:

blue-stocking有教养的女子moonwalk太空步toothache牙痛deadline截止期限brainwashing洗脑stockholder股东outbreak爆发sit-in静坐罢工going-over苛斥；毒打；严格的检查crybaby爱哭的人；宝贝cleaninglady清洁女工

Freephrase:

son-in-law女婿milk-and-water无味的；软弱无力的forget-me-not勿忘草

aspects

compound

freephrase

phonetic语音features

Stressonthefirstelement

Stressonthesecondelement（元素）

Semanticfeatures

Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.

Grammaticalfeatures

Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence,forexample,averb,anoun,oranadjective.Inadjective-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes. 

（3）Conversion转换法——istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thesewordsarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Themostproductiveisbetweennounsandverbs.Itisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.

fullconversion——Itcantakeanindefinitarticle（不定冠词）or-（e）stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.

e.g.black→ablackdrinkable→drinkables

partialconversion——mustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticles.e.g.rich→therich

2.Othertypesofword-formation

（1）Clipping/shortening——shortenalongerwordbycuttingapartoftheoriginandusingwhatremainsinstead.

quake（earthquake）dorm（dormitory）pop（popularmusic）flu（influenza）

（2）Acronymy首字母缩略法——joiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialphrasesandtechnicaltermseg:

VOA  -  VoiceofAmericaTV  -  television

（3）Blending混合法——isthewordformationbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.

绝大多数blending都是nounseg:

smog（烟雾）fromsmoke+fogtelex（电传机）fromteleprinter+exchange

Medicare（医疗保险）frommedical+carelunarnaut（登月宇航员）fromlunar+astronaut

（4）Back-formation逆构词法——isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletion删除ofasupposedaffix.donate（donation）loaf（loafer）babysit（babysitter）laze（lazy）

Chapter5Wordmeaning

1.Analytical（referential）分析的　　Reference–therelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.

Operational（contextual）运用到具体场景中Concept–whichbeyondlanguageistheresultofhumancognitionreflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind

★Sense

1）sensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’

2）Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.

3）Everywordthathasmeaninghassense（noteverywordhasreference）

2.Motivation（理据）——accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguistic（语言学的）symbolanditsmeaning.

　non-motivated

Onomatopoeic（拟声的）——thewordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning.

eg:

bang，ping-pang，crowbycocks

Morphological（形态学的）——Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningof

manywordsarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.

Motivatedeg:

airmailmeansto“mailbyair”

Semantic（语义学的）——referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptual概念上的meaningofaword.

eg：

atthefootofmountain,themouthofriver

Etymological（词源学的）——Thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.

3.Typesofmeaning

　Grammatical语法–refertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationships

Conceptual概念——themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecore核心ofword-meaning.

Lexical词汇