托福阅读技巧-逻辑篇.ppt

托福阅读技巧-逻辑篇.ppt

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托福阅读技巧,段落逻辑篇,通用技巧,上下文猜重点词段首段尾知主旨注意例证和转折核心定位找原句排除陷阱干扰项,逻辑关系,Howdoyoureadaparagraph?

Doyoureadeverydetailoronlyreadthesentenceswiththekeywordsinthequestions?

Time-consuming！

Confusing！

Howdoyoureadaparagraph?

Doyoureadtheparagraphagainandagainwhenitishardtounderstandorwhenitishardtofindtheanswertothequestion?

Example1,Readthefollowingparagraphtoanswerthequestion.,Paragraph3:

Iftrue,though,whydidcold-bloodedanimalssuchassnakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodilessurvivethefreezingwintersandtorridsummers?

Theseanimalsareatthemercyoftheclimatetomaintainalivablebodytemperature.Itshardtounderstandwhytheywouldnotbeaffected,whereasdinosaurswerelefttoocrippledtocope,especiallyif,assomescientistsbelieve,dinosaurswerewarm-blooded.CriticsalsopointoutthattheshallowseawayshadretreatedfromandadvancedonthecontinentsnumeroustimesduringtheMesozoic,sowhydidthedinosaurssurvivetheclimaticchangesassociatedwiththeearlierfluctuationsbutnotwiththisone?

Althoughinitiallyappealing,thehypothesisofasimpleclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelsisinsufficienttoexplainallthedata.Whydoestheauthormentionthesurvivalof“snakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodiles”inparagraph3?

Toarguethatdinosaursmayhavebecomeextinctbecausetheywerenotcold-bloodedanimalsToquestiontheadequacyofthehypothesisthatclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelscausedtheextinctionofthedinosaursTopresentexamplesofanimalsthatcouldmaintainalivablebodytemperaturemoreeasilythandinosaursTosupportahypothesisthattheseanimalswerenotassensitivetoclimatechangesintheCretaceousperiodastheyaretoday,Paragraph3:

Iftrue,though,whydidcold-bloodedanimalssuchassnakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodilessurvivethefreezingwintersandtorridsummers?

Theseanimalsareatthemercyoftheclimatetomaintainalivablebodytemperature.Itshardtounderstandwhytheywouldnotbeaffected,whereasdinosaurswerelefttoocrippledtocope,especiallyif,assomescientistsbelieve,dinosaurswerewarm-blooded.CriticsalsopointoutthattheshallowseawayshadretreatedfromandadvancedonthecontinentsnumeroustimesduringtheMesozoic,sowhydidthedinosaurssurvivetheclimaticchangesassociatedwiththeearlierfluctuationsbutnotwiththisone?

Althoughinitiallyappealing,thehypothesisofasimpleclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelsisinsufficienttoexplainallthedata.Whydoestheauthormentionthesurvivalof“snakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodiles”inparagraph3?

Toarguethatdinosaursmayhavebecomeextinctbecausetheywerenotcold-bloodedanimalsToquestiontheadequacyofthehypothesisthatclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelscausedtheextinctionofthedinosaursTopresentexamplesofanimalsthatcouldmaintainalivablebodytemperaturemoreeasilythandinosaursTosupportahypothesisthattheseanimalswerenotassensitivetoclimatechangesintheCretaceousperiodastheyaretoday,Example2,Readthefollowingparagraphtoanswerthequestion.,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic（theeraaftertheMesozoic）.BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium（lr）itcontained.Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:

WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?

WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?

Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?

WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?

Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic（theeraaftertheMesozoic）.BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium（lr）itcontained.Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:

WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?

WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?

Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?

WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?

Theinternallogic?

Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic（theeraaftertheMesozoic）.BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium（lr）itcontained.,因,果,目的,方式,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic（theeraaftertheMesozoic）.BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium（lr）itcontained.Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:

WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?

WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?

Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?

WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?

Canyourememberthelogic?

Pleasetakenotesifnecessary!

因果转折对比类比比较目的分类,Pp,常见逻辑笔记符号,帮助分析，一目了然！

O（_）O,Theinternallogic?

Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic（theeraaftertheMesozoic）.BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium（lr）itcontained.,笔记？

Theinternallogic?

Exchangeyournotesanddiscusshowitrevealsthelogicofthepassage.,Theinternallogic?

Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:

WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?

WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?

Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?

WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?

理解段落逻辑的作用,便于做笔记和提高难题正确率（修辞题、推断题、细节题、插入题）便于判断段落主次信息（小结题）利用常见段落逻辑形式加快阅读速度,构建段落逻辑模型,总分结构时间顺序对比结构问题-解决（怎么做）现象-原因（为什么）概念-解释（是什么）,常见结构,常见内容,平时多思考，熟定能生巧！

O（_）O,区分信息重要层级,区分主次变速阅读速度：

信息点要点论点学会迅速判断和扫读非考点细节细节描述的特征：

常无标志词数字、年代专有名词事件经过,跳跃式阅读，习惯成自然！

O（_）O,针对难点重点分析,建立逻辑模型提炼架构笔记,常见细节形式：

例证eg.对比A/B类比AB描述Dx,常见要点形式：

1.列举1st,2nd,3rd（原因Cs,结果Rs，目的Pp）A2.分类BC3.态度Op1Op2Op1Op2,重难点分析，还要靠笔记！

O（_）O,主动推测与预测,主动总结要点填补逻辑空白,更好的理解，推测不可缺！

O（_）O,请分析结构总结要点、填补逻辑空白,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic（theeraaftertheMesozoic）.BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctions