特雷尔冶炼厂辅助材料.docx

特雷尔冶炼厂辅助材料.docx

《特雷尔冶炼厂辅助材料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《特雷尔冶炼厂辅助材料.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

特雷尔冶炼厂辅助材料

GEDDEScase

CASENUMBER:

109

CASEMNEMONIC:

GEDDES

CASENAME:

GeddesCooperMineI.IDENTIFICATION

1.TheIssue

TheCanadianminingcompanyGeddesResourcesLimitedhasattemptedunsuccessfullytodevelopaminingoperationonWindyCraggymountaininnorthwesternBritishColumbiaforapproximatelythelast6years.TheyhavedeterminedthattheWindyCraggysitehassuchalargedepositofcopperorethataminingoperationwouldprovideasignificantnumberofjobsforthelocaleconomy.EnvironmentalistsareconcernedaboutGeddes'operationbecausethecopperoreatWindyCraggyhasaparticularlyhighconcentrationofsulfur,whichwhenexposedtoair,oxidizestoformadangerousacidandgas.TheenvironmentalistsworrythatthesafetymeasuresthatGeddesproposestouseinextractingtheore,suchasatailings'poolwithtwodams,willnotsufficientprotectthelocalTatshenshiniwatershed.Compoundingthedilemmaisthelargeamountofseismicactivityofthearea.Moreover,theroadthatGeddeswantstoconstructfollowstheTatshenshiniriversocloselythattruckscouldeasilybedrawnintoit.InadditiontothepotentialpollutionoftheTatshenshiniandAlsekrivers,toxicfalloutfromaproposedGeddesminewoulddestroythehabitatofoneofthelargestconcentrationofgrizzlybearsinCanada.AlsodamagedwouldbethewinterrangeoftheDallsheep,andthehabitatsofmountaingoatsandwolves.Inaddition,aGeddesminecouldharmthesalmoninthetworiversandthebaldeaglesintheChilkatBaldEaglePreserve;apreserveapproximately50milesdownstreamofthepotentialminesite.

2.Description

Since1988,theCanadianminingcompany,GeddesResourcesLimited,hastriedtogainapprovalfromtheCanadianGovernmenttoextractore,mainlycopper.TheciteofextractionisWindyCraggy,a6,200foothighmountaininnorthernBritishColumbiajustabout50milesfromGlacierBayNationalParkandPreserveinAlaska.Inordertomaketheprojectsuccessful,Geddeshassaidthatitneedstoconstructa70-mileroadfromthesiteatWindyCraggytotheHainesHighwaysothatupto150trucksadaycancarryorefromthesite.Whenthisroadconceptmetwithopposition,Geddesalternativelyproposedconstructinganalmost150-mileslurrypipelinetocarryamixtureoforeandwatertoHaines,Alaska.OnceatHaines,theorewouldbefilteredoffandsenttoAsiansmelters.

EnvironmentalistshavebeenextremelyconcernedaboutGeddesplansfromtheverybeginning,andinNovember,1991morethan50groupsbandedtogethertoformTatshenshiniInternational--anoppositioncampaign.Theenvironmentalists'goalistomaketheTatshenshiniwatershedarea,ofwhichWindyCraggyisapartlyawildernesspreserve.TheyfearthatifGeddesisallowedtoextractorefromWindyCraggy,itcoulddestroytheecosystemsofthesurroundingregion.Aspreviouslystated,theoreatWindyCraggyhasahighsulfurcontent,around35percent,whenthisisexposedtoairitoxidizestoformsulfuricacidandsulfurdioxidegas.Inordertopreventanysuchoxidation,Geddeshasproposedtoconstructadamtosinkpotentiallyhazardoustailings.

WindyCraggyislocatedinoneofthemostseismicallyactiveregionsofNorthAmericaandenvironmentalistsquestionwhetherthetwodamsproposedtoholdthelakecouldremainintactinanareawherelow-levelquakesoccuralmostdaily.Inaddition,theGeddesproposedroadtotheHaineshighwayfollowstheTatshensiniforalmost12mileswithmanytreacherouscurves.Environmentalistsquestionwhethertheenormousamountoflarge-sizedtrucktravelonthisroadissafeandwhetherthe150-milelongslurrypipelinecouldsustaindamagefromconstantsmalltremors.

TheCanadianGovernmentturneddownGeddes'initialmineproposalinJuly1990becauseofpublicoppositionandproblemswiththedrainagesystemforthemine.ThiswasafterthecompanyhadalreadybuiltanairstripandbasecampatWindyCraggyandbyearly1992,Geddeshadsubmittedanotherproposal.Coincidentally,theconservationorganizationAmericanRiversrankedtheTatshenshinithesecond-most-endangeredstreaminNorthAmerica.InAprilof1992,SenatorAlGoreofTennesseeandRepresentativeWayneOwensofUtahintroducedjointresolutionsintheU.S.SenateandHouseofRepresentativescallingontheSecretaryofInterior,incooperationwiththeSecretaryofStatetoenterintoagreementswithCanadatoprotecttheAlsekandTatshenshinirivers.SenatorGorealsocalledfortheSecretaryofInteriortoensurethatGlacierNationalParkandPreservewasnotdegradedbypotentialminedevelopmentsinCanada.TheresolutionalsosuggestedthatGeddesmineproposalbetakenupbytheInternationalJointCommission,whichhandlesU.S.-Canadatrans-boundaryissues（seeSMELTERcase）.

TheactionintheHouseandSenatemotivatedboththeCanadianandBritishColumbiangovernmentstoactonthesematters.Bymid-Aprilof1992,BritishColumbia'sMinisterofEnergy,Mines,andPetroleumResourcesAnneEdwardsstatedthatthefutureoftheTatshenshiniwatershedwouldbehandledintwostages.First,afullland-useevaluationwouldbeconductedtodeterminewhetherpreservationormineraldevelopmentshouldoccur.Then,ifmineraldevelopmentwasdeterminedtobesafe,a"rigourousreview"ofGeddes'proposalwouldtakeplace.Geddeswaseconomicallyimpededbythisrulingandwasforcedintolaborcutbacks,butmaintaineditsintenttodevelopWindyCraggy.However,bythebeginningof1993GeddeshadannouncedquitefrequentlythatitwouldbewillingtorelinquishitsclaimatWindyCraggyfor$1billion.

InDecemberof1992,theUnitedNationsmadeGlacierBayaWorldHeritagesite.ThisplacedaddedpressureonthegovernmentofBritishColumbiatonotapprovetheGeddes'miningproposal.TheBritishColumbiangovernmentfinallydeclaredinJune,1993thattheregionaroundtheTatshenshiniriverwouldbepreservedastheTatshenshini-AlsekWildernessParkratherthanbeopenedtomining.

ItwasconcludedthatifminingwaseverallowedatWindyCraggy,itwilldefinitelythreatenoneofthelargestanddensestpopulationsofgrizzliesintheworld.ItwillalsothreatentheonlywinterrangeoftheDallsheepinBritishColumbia.Inaddition,itwillthreatenthesalmonpopulationoftheAlsekandTatshenshinirivers,whichisthemainresourceoffoodfortheChilkatindiantribewhichlivesinjustacrosstheborderfromtheTatshenshiniwatershedarea（seeSALMONandLUMMIcases）.

3.RelatedCases

HUDSONCase

JAMESCase

LILLECase

KeywordCluster

（1）:

TradeProduct=MINerals

（2）:

Bio-geography=CANADA

（3）:

EnvironmentalProblem=HABItatLoss

4.DraftAuthor:

DavidB.Higgins

B.LEGALClusters

5.DiscourseandStatus

6.ForumandScope

GovernmentofBritishColumbia,1HouseandSenatejointresolutionsH.J.Res.460andS.J.Res.290ofApril,1992.

7.DecisionBreadth:

2（USAandCanada）

8.LegalStanding:

LAW

C:

GEOGRAPHICClusters

9.GeographicLocation

a.Geographicdomain:

NorthAmerica[NAMER]

b.Geographicsite:

WesternNorthAmerica[WNAMER]

c.Geographicimpact:

CANADA

10.Sub-NationalFactors:

YES

11.TypeofHabitat:

COOL

D.TRADEClusters

12.TypeofMeasure:

RegulatoryBan[REGBAN]

InJuneof1993,thegovernmentofBritishColumbiadeclaredthattheTatshenshiniriverareawouldbepreservedastheTatshenshini-AlsekWildernessParkandthatnominingwouldbeallowedintheParkbyGeddesoranyothercompany.

13.Directvs.IndirectImpacts:

INDirect

14.RelationofMeasuretoEnvironmentalImpact

a.DirectlyRelated:

YESCOPPER

b.IndirectlyRelated:

YESWOOD

C.NotRelated:

No

d.ProcessRelated:

YESPollutionLand[POLL]

15.TradeProductIdentification:

COPPER

16.EconomicData

Canadiancopperindustryoutputin1992was7.8billiondollars.NorthgateExplorationsLimitedthe,parentcompanyofGeddesResourcesLimited,madeapproximately17.5millionin1993.

Geddeswasgoingtoemploy600permanentemployeesontheproject.

17.ImpactofMeasureonTradeCompetitiveness:

HIGH

Thecostis$178-534billiondollarsover30yearsusingpriceofcopperat$.89/lb.TheBritishColumbiangovernment'sbanonminingintheTatshenshiniriverareamakesitsothatnocompanycanexploitthecopperreservesatWindyCraggyandmakeanymoneyintrade.However,thefactthattheWindyCraggysitewillnotbeexploitedhashadvirtuallynodiscernableeffectonthepriceofcopperontheworldmarket.

18.IndustrySector:

MINing

19.ExportersandImporters:

CANADAandUSA

ThePhelpsDodgeCompanyandCyprusaretwoofthelargestU.S.coppercompaniesimportingcopperfromCanada（seeCOPPERcase）.

E.ENVIRONMENTALClusters

20.EnvironmentalProblemType:

HABItatandSpeciesLoss

21.Name,Type,andDiversityofSpecies

Diversity:

3,270higherplantsper

10,000km/sq（Canada）

Thisareacontainsthehighestpopulationofgrizzliesinworld.Inaddition,thereareblackbears,Dallsheep,mountaingoats,wolves,moose,baldeagles,and3,500salmon.

22.ResourceImpactandEffect:

HIGH

23.UrgencyofProblemandLifetime:

LOWand100sofyears

Onlythebaldeagleisindangerofextinction.thelifetimeofthegrizzlybearis15-30years,theblackbear15-30years,theDallsheep12years,moose12years,themountaingoat8years,wolves5years,andsalmon2years.

24.Substitutes:

RECYCling

F.OtherFactors

25.Culture:

YES

IfGeddeshadbeenallowedtodeveloptheWindyCraggysite,itsoperationswouldhavehadagreatpotentialtodestroythehuntingandfishinglifestyleoftheChilkatandYakutatTlingittribesinthearea.

26.Trans-BoundaryIssue:

YES

ThecasehasconsequenceforCanadaandtheUnitedStates.

27.Rights:

NO