高考英语短文理解学案18.docx
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高考英语短文理解学案18
2019-2020年高考英语短文理解学案（18）
一、先看题干，带着问题读文章。
即先看试题，再读文章。
阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。
客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。
其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。
特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。
二、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
阅读的目的是获取信息。
一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。
阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。
阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。
没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息，更谈不上运用英语。
近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。
考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。
主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。
用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。
此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。
通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。
这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。
当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。
主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。
阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分）
阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。
A
Moscow,Russia（Spacenews）-"Theputerisabetterchessplayer,"insistedViktorProzorov,theloser."Itseemedasifitwerelaughingaftereverygoodmove.IknowIshouldhavebeatenitforthesakeofmankind（为人类着想），butIjustcouldn'twin,"heannouncedandshookhisheadsadly.
Prozorov'sdisappointmentwassharedbyseveralgrandmasterswhowerepresent,someofwhomweresoupsetthattheyshoutedatthemachine.Manychessplayerssaidthatthismeanttheendofchesschampionships（锦标赛）aroundtheworld,sincethefunhadbeentakenoutofthegame.
Theputerwalked－orrather,rolled-awaywith5,000dollarsinprizemoneyandlimiteditsremarkstoasetofnoisesandlight.
56.Whichofthefollowingbestgivesthemainideaofthisnewspaperarticle?
A.5,000dollarsgoestoaputer!
B.Newinventionalaughingputer!
C.World'sbestchessplayerbeaten!
Dputerdefeatsmaninchess!
57.HowdidsomeofthegrandmastersfeelaboutthechessgamebetweenProzorovandtheputer?
A.Theythoughtthatthegamewasnofun.B.Theythoughtthatthegamewasn'tfair.
C.TheyagreedthatProzorovdidn'tplaywell.D.Theywereunhappythattheputerhadwon.
58.WhatwasitthatProzorovfeltmostbitter（懊恼）about?
A.Thathedidn'twinthe$5,000.B.Thathehadn'ttriedhisbest.
C.Thathehadlosttoamachine.D.Thatthiswastheendofthechessgame.
59.Afterwinningthegame,theputer_____.
A.laughedB.walkedawayC.madesomeremarksD.gaveoutsomelightsandsounds
60.Manychessplayersfeltthatplayingwithaputerwould_____.
A.makethegametougherB.makethegamelessinterestingC.makemanappearfoolish
D.makemanloselotsof
B
Extract1
Aputer
Aputerisan"informationprocessor".Itisgiveninformation,called"data",instructedtodocertainthingsandthenshowustheresults.Thedataputintotheputeriscalledthe"input"andtheresultswhicheoutarethe"output".SomepeoplesaythecircleoflargestandingstonesatStonechengeisakindofputer.Prehistorypeopleworkedouttheircalendarfromthepositionoftheshadowsmadebythesunshiningonthestones.
Extract2
Teachyourselfnewsubjectsandskillsatyourownpacewithahomeputer.Useittohelpwithschoolwork,forself-improvement,eventoimproveyourcareerskills.Learntouchtyping.
Foreignlanguagesorputerprogramming.Ahomeputercanhelpchildrenofallageslearnclassroomsubjectssuchasspelling,geographyandothers.Infactitmakeslearningfun.Soifyouwanttoteachyourself,orhelpyourchildrenteachthemselves-getahomeputer.Itcanalsohelpyoumanageyourpersonalfinances（经济）orhelpyoutoworktaxesandplanhouseholdbudgets（预算）.Youcanmakebusinessapleasurewithahomeputer.
61.Thewriterintroducesthewordssuchas"input"and"output"inorderto_____.
A.introducepeopletoputerlanguageB.showputerlanguageisthesameasEnglish
C.helppeoplesomescientificlanguageD.givepeoplesomescientificlanguage
62.WhydoesthewritertalkaboutStonechengeinExtract1?
A.Togiveanexampleoftheveryfirstputer.B.Toshowthatputersareolderthanmankind.
C.Totellthedifferencebetweenthepastandthepresent.D.Togiveanotherveryofexplainingputers.
63.Ifyouthinkofthecircleoflargestandingstonesasaputer,_____.
A.theshadowistheinputandthepositionistheoutputB.thesunlightistheinputandthecalendaristheoutput
C.thepositionistheinputandthesunlightistheoutputD.thecalendaristheinputandtheshadowistheoutput
64.Extract2isprobablytakenfrom_____.
A.aputertextbookB.apany'sadvertisement
C.ateach-yourselfputerbookD.achildren'sguidetoputers
C
Whendidyoulastseeapolarbear（北极熊）?
Onatriptoazoo,perhaps?
IfyouhadattendedawinteractivityinNewYorkafewyearsago,youwouldhaveseenawholepolarbearclub.These"PolarBears"arepeoplewhomeetfrequentlyinthewintertoswiminfreezingcoldwater.Thatday,theairtemperaturewas3℃,andthewatertemperaturewasalittlehigher.ThemembersofthePolarBearClubatConeyIsland,NewYorkareusuallyabouttheageof60.Membersmustsatisfytworequirements.First,theymustgetalongwellwitheveryoneelseinthegroup;thisisveryimportantbecausetherearesomanydifferentkindsofpeopleintheclub.PolarBearsmustalsoagreetoswimoutdoorsatleasttwiceamonthfromNovemberthroughFebruary.
Dcotorsdon'tagreeaboutthemedicaleffectsofcold-winterswimming.Someareworriedaboutthedangersofaconditioninwhichthebody'stemperaturedropssolowthatfinallytheheartstops.Otherdoctors,however,pointoutthatthereismoredangerofaheartattackduringsummerswimmingbecausethedifferencebetweentheairtemperatureandwatertemperatureismuchgreaterinsummerthaninwinter.
ThePolarBearsthemselvesaresatisfiedwiththebenefitsofcold-waterswimming.Theysaythattheirfavoriteformofexerciseisverygoodforthecirculatorysystem（循环系统）becauseitforcesthebloodtomovefasttokeepthebodywarm.Cold-waterswimmersusuallyturnbrightredafterafewminutesinthewater.Apersonwhoturnsblueprobablyhasaverypoorcirculatorysystemandshouldnottrycold-waterswimming.
Themainbenefitsofcold-waterswimmingareprobablymental.ThePolarBearslovetoswimallyearround;theyfinditfunandrelaxing.Asone70-year-oldwomansays,"WhenIgointowater,Ipourmytroublesintotheoceanandletthemfloataway."
65.ThemembersofthePolarBearClubmustmeetthefollowingrequirementsexceptthat_____.
A.theymustswimoutdoorsatleast8timesinthefourcoldmonths
B.theymustreachtheageof60
C.theyshouldbeeasytomakefriendswith
D.theymustagreetoswimoutdoorsfromNovemberthroughFebruary
66.Accordingtothepassage,somedoctorsbelieveitistruethat_____.
A.PolarBearsarebearsswimminginfreezingwater
B.cold-waterswimmingcanmakethebodytemperaturedangerouslyhigh
C.youarehealthyifcold-waterswimmingturnsyourskincolorblue
D.cold-waterswimmingcausesmoreheartattacksinsummerthaninwinter
67.ThePolarBearsliketoswimyear-round,for_____.
A.itisaneasywayotkeepthebodywarminwinter
B.theycanremainyoung
C.theyfinditenjoyableandinteresting
D.theymightmeetfewertroublesinlife
68.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.
A.therequirementsofthePolarBearClub
B.agroupofcold-water-swimminglivers
C.thePolarBears'lifeinNewYork
D.doctors'ideasaboutcold-waterswimming
D
Swimmingisoneofthoseactivitiesthatcanbelearnedearlyinlife.Littlechildrencanlearntoswimassoonastheywalk.Infact,youneedthesameskillsinwalkingasinswimming.However,Ibelievethatfiveisthebestagetolearn.Byfiveorsix,achildknowsfearofwater,averyimportantthingtoknow.It'swisetobeafraid,torecognizetruedanger.Youngonesunderstandthatthewatercansometimesbeverydangerous.
Toreallybenefitfromswimming,everyswimmershouldlearn,assoonaspossible,thesefourbasicstrokes;butterfly,backstroke,breastroke,andcrawl.Ifeelthatoneofthese-thebreaststroke-isdifferentfromtheothers,sincesomeyoungswimmersusethisstrokenaturally,withoutanytraining.
Inswimmingtherearecertainruleseveryswimmershouldfollow:
1.Neverswimalone!
Nomatterhowgoodyouareinthewater,don'triskdrowningbyswimmingalone.Ifyouswimbyyourself,withnolifeguardsorfriendswithyou,youmaygetintotrouble.
2.Don'tgobeyondyourabilities.Mostswimmersknowenoughnottoswimtoofarfromthebankorthebeach,Showingoffbydoingdangeroustricksisnogood.
Swimsafelyandyouwillcontinuetoswimandalive.
3.Don'tsmoke.Swimmingdependsonahealthybody;goodlungsarepartofit.
4.Workatanyactivitythatbuildsmuscles.
69.Littlechildrencanlearntoswimassoonas_____.
A.theycantalkB.theystartwalkingC.theyhavenofearofthewater
D.theyarefiveorsixyearsold
70.Theauthorbelievesthatfearofwateris_____.
A.stupidB.sensibleC.dangerousD.notsmart
71.Thestrokethatsomeyoungswimmersusefirstis_____.
A.Picture
（1）B.Picture
（2）C.Picture（3）D.Picture（4）
72.Accordingtothepassage,youshouldnotswimalonebecause_____.
A.thewateristoocoldB.yourparentswouldnotbehappy
C.somethinginthewatermightattackD.youmightdrown
E
Isthereadifferenceinmeaningbetween"It'stoolatetomakeatelephone.Maryisasleepnow."and"It'stoolatetotelephone.Marywillbeasleepnow？
"
Yes.Thedifferenceisinthereasongivenforitbeingtoolatetotelephone.Inthefirstsentence"Maryisasleepnow",thespeakerisstatingafact.Inthesecondsentence"Marywillbeasleepnow,"thespeakerissayingwhatMaryusuallydoes.Infact,it'spossiblethatMaryisn'tasleep,butsheisusuallyasleepatthistime.
Solet'staketwosituations.Inthefirstcase,imagineMary'smotheranswersthetelephone.
You:
"MayIspeaktoMary,plea
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