高中语法定语从句的详细讲解.docx
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高中语法定语从句的详细讲解
定语从句详解与练习
(一)定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as关系副词有when, where, why.
注意:
关系代词与关系副词在定语从句中充当不同的句子成分,定语从句中缺主、宾、表,用关系代词;缺状语用关系副词,何为句子成分?
五大基本句
1.主+谓(Vi)Icome.
2.主+谓(Vt)+宾Iloveyou.
3.主+谓(Vt)+间宾+直宾Igivehimabook.
4.主+谓(Vt)+宾+宾补Imakehimhappy.
5.主+系+表Iamtall.
(二)关系代词引导的定语从句
1.which 指物,在定语从句中做主语、宾语、表语。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. (主) 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday. (宾) 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
Shewasfondofdancing,whichherbrotherneverwas.(表)她喜欢跳舞,她弟弟从不喜欢。
2.that 指人/物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。
The number of people thatcome to visit this city each year reaches one million.(人主)每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
Where is the man(that)I saw this morning?
(人宾)我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿?
Heisnolongeralittleboythatheusedtobe.(人表)他已经不再是以前那个小男孩儿了。
The season thatcomes after spring is summer. (物主) 春天以后的季节是夏季。
The person (that)you introduced to me is very kind.(物宾) 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
3.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(主) 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Heistheman(who)Italkedabouttoyou.(宾)他就是我给你提到的那位男士。
Heisnolongerthemanwhoheusedtobe.(表)他不再是以前的那个他了。
4.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
5.whose 指人/物,在定语从句中作定语,表所属,“……的”
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. (人) 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. (物) 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
特殊情况归纳总结
规则1:
关系代词若在限制性定语从句中做宾语并且前面无介词时,关系代词可省略。
Sheisthewoman(whom/who/that)Isawyesterday.
规则2:
定语从句中的主谓一致
(1)关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致
I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.
(2)oneof+复数名词+关系代词+复数动词
theonlyoneof+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词,
Tomisoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.
Tomistheonlyoneoftheboyswhohaspassedtheexam
(3)非限制性定语从句中,由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时,从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,as/whichisknowntoall.
规则3:
定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况
(1)修饰词+先行词+that
(theonly,thevery,any,few,thefirst,thebest等)
ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
(2)先行词为不定代词+that
(everything,something,nobody,none,all,few,any等)
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuy?
(3)Who/Which(主句的主语)……+that(避免重复)
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
Whichisthebookthatyouboughtyesterday?
(4)先行词(人+物)+that
Wetalkedaboutthebooksandwritersthatweknew.
(5)有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已经用了which,另一个则用that.
Theyhavesetupacompany,whichdealswiththethingsthatarerelatedtoenvironmentprotection.
(6)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时,只用that.
Hangzhouisnomorethecitythatitusedtobe.
规则4:
定语从句中关系代词只能用which的情况
(1)在引导非限制性定语从句时
______,which/who/who…….
Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.
(2)in/on/from(介词)+which/whom
Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.
HeistheboyfromwhomIborrowedthebook.
(3)有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已经用that,另一个则用which
规则5:
指人时,定语从句中关系代词只能用who的情况
(1)当先行词是anyone,those时
Isthereanyonewhocanhelpme?
(2)有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已经用that,另一个则用who
规则6:
whose既可以指人又可以指物,在定语从句中作定语,后跟名词。
指物时,whose+名词=名词+ofwhich=ofwhich+名词
Theclassroomwhosedoor/thedoorofwhich/ofwhichthedoorisbrokenisonthesecondfloor.
规则7:
as和which的区别
(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前,也可以在主句后,有时还可以插入句中,意为“正如……,正像……”;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后,译成“这”
Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.
Smokingisharmfultoone’shealth,as/whichisknowntoall.
(2)特殊代词as的用法
.such……as……
Ihopetogetsuchadictionaryasheisusing.
so……as……
Ihaveneverseensocleveraboyashe(is).
.thesame……as……(表同一类)/thesame……that……(表同一个)
ThisisthesamepenasIlostlastweek.这只笔跟我昨天掉的那支笔一样。
ThisisthesamepenthatIlostlastweek.这支笔就只我昨天掉的那支笔。
规则8:
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,指人时用whom,指物时用which
某些带有介词的动词短语,介词可以提至关系代词前,但在一些固定搭配的短语动词中,由于动词和介词不可以分割,不能将介词置于关系代词之前。
如takecareof,lookfor,lookafter,carefor等。
HeistheboyfromwhomIborrowedthebook.
HeistheboywhomIborrowedthebookfrom.
Thisisthebookwhich/thatIamlookingfor.
(三)关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;when=表示时间的介词(in/at/on/during…)+which.
Istillrememberthedayswhen/duringwhichIstayedinBeijing.(作状)
Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作宾)
2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,where=表示地点的介词(in/at/on/under…)+which.
Heshowedmetheplacewhere/inwhichhelived.(作状)
Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.(作宾)
3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,why=表示原因的介词(for)+which
Idon’tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhelooksunhappytoday.(作状)
Thereasonwhich/thatyougaveuswasunacceptable.(作宾)
特殊情况归纳总结
规则1:
theway作先行词的时候,定语从句中不缺主、宾、表时,用inwhich,that,/。
定语从句中若缺主、宾、表,则用which,that。
Theway(inwhich,that,/)heansweredthequestionswassuprising.
Theway(which,that)heexplainedtouswasquietsimple.
规则2:
一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity,scene,period,festival,occasion等
要注意具体情况具体分析,作主、宾、表时,用关系代词that/which;作状语时,用关系副词where/when或“介词+which”。
Thereisapoint(that/which)wemustinsiston.
Wearejusttryingtoreachapoint(where/atwhich)bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.
注意:
定语从句中的关系词选择规则:
作主、宾、表关系代词(which/that/who/whom/as)
作状语关系副词(where/when/why)
作定语关系代词(whose)
(四)定语从句和其他句型之间的区别
1.定语从句与结果状语从句
Heissuchagoodboyaseveryonelikes.
Heissuchagoodboythateveryonelikeshim.
2.非限制性定语从句与并列句
Hesaidnothing,whichmademeangry.
Hesaidnothing,andthatmademeangry.
TherearetwoboysinPeter’s,bothofwhomarewhite.
TherearetwoboysinPeter’s,andbothofthemarewhite.
3.定语从句与地点状语从句
Thiskindofplantgrowsbestattheplacewhereitiswarmandwet.
Thiskindofplantgrowsbestwhereitiswarmandwet.
4.定语从句与名词性从句
Asisknowntousall,thelightontheearthisgivenbythesun.
Itisknowntousallthatthelightontheearthisgivenbythesun.
Whatisknowntousallisthatthelightontheearthisgivenbythesun.
5.定语从句与强调句
Itwasasmallvillagethat/whichweknow.
Itwasinthissmallvillagethatwegottoknoweachother.
(五)检测:
(一)
1.Thisisthebestfactory____wevisitedlastyear.
A.whereB.whichC.inwhichD.that
2.Isthisthefactory____computersarebuilt?
A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.inthat
3.pleasepassmethedictionary____coverisred.
A.whose B.its C.which D.whichof
4.Theman____hasarrived.
A.whomItoldyouB.thatItoldyou
C.whomItoldyouabouthimD.Itoldyouabout
5.Doyouknowthecomrade____wearetalking?
A.towhomB.towhoC.whomD.tothat
6.Theyvisitedthehouse___thegreatwriterwasborn.
A.fromwhereB.inwhichC.whichD.inwhere
7.Thecomrade___isspeakingatthemeetingismyteacher.
A.whomB.whichC.whoD.whose
8.Heaskedustowatchcarefullyeverything___hedidinclass.
A.whoB.thatC.whatD.where
9.I’llvisittheprofessortomorrow,___hewillbebackfromShanghai.
A.whoB.thatC.whenD.which
10.Theschool___Istudyisanewone.
A.onwhichB.atwhereC.onthatD.atwhich
11.Chinahasmanyislands,____thelargestisTaiwan.
A.inwhichB.atwhichC.whichD.ofwhich
12.Thecity____mymothergrewupisnotfarfromhere.
A.what B.whereC.thatD.which
13.Ourteacherlivesinthehouse____doorfacestothenorth.
A.whichB.hisC.thatD.whose
14.Doyouknowtheman___yourfathernodded?
A.whomB.towhomC.towhoD.aboutwhom
15.Wrestlingisasportin___peopleeasilygethurt.
A.thatB.whenC.whichD.what
16.Itoldyou____Iknow.
A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.allwhom
17.Chinahasalotoffamouswriters,one___isLuXun.
A.ofwhichB.ofwhomC.ofwhoD.ofthem
18.Isthisfactory____wevisitedlastyear?
A.inwhichB.aroundthatC.whomD.theone
19.Whoistheman____wasthere?
A.whoB.whichC.thatD.whom
20.Isthereanything____Icandoforyou,sir?
A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.who
21.Istillremembertheday____shefirstworethatgreendress.
A.whichB.inwhichC.onthatD.onwhich
22.Theknife____weusedtocutthebreadisverysharp.
A.withwhichB.withitC.withthatD.which
23.Thegames____theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.
A. inwhichB.whichC.itD.who
24.Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..
A.that B.which C.as D.it
25.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacher_____lovedclimbing.
A.who B.whom C.he D.which
26.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.
A.ofwhom B.whom C.ofwhose D.whose
27.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.
A.it B.which C.this D.that
28.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.
A.that B.who C.fromwhom D.towhom
29.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,____wasmorethanwecouldexpect.
A.what B.which C.that D.it
30.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown____hegrewupasachild.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
31.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,______personallyIdoubtverymuch.
A.it B.that C.when D.which
32.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
A.who B.which C.this D.what
33.RecentlyIboughtana