论《我弥留之际》的存在主义危机Word文档格式.docx

论《我弥留之际》的存在主义危机Word文档格式.docx

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AsILayDying,thisnoveldescribesunderthedevelopmentofcapitalismeconomicinthenorthU.S.Ain1920s.Modernindustryandsocialchangeinvadesthesouth.Theheroisapoorwhitesouthernwhoinordertocomplywiththedeathheroine'

slastwords,leadinghisfamilytoburythecoffininaridiculousfootjourney.Specificallythroughanalyzethesouthsocialbackground,masterthereasonsofExistentialistcrisisinthesouth.Peopleholdindifferentattitudetoeachother,theydonotcareeachother.Thecrisisiscausedbypeople’suglyside.TheSouthAmericaexperiencesaverybigchangewhichit’straditionalagriculturaleconomicencountersahugeimpact.Itresultssocialeconomicdepression.Thefarmersleadapoorerlife.Thesouthsocialmoralityisinterribleconfusion.People’sspiritisinconfusionandnothing.InviewoftheExistentialistcrisis,let’slookatthesouthernsocialmindstatementatthattime.Thenlet’sconnectstodiscusstheExistentialistcrisesinthemodernAmerica.

Keywords:

AsILayDying,U.S.A,socialbackground,existentialcrisis

Contents

Introduction1

TheWork---AsILayDying1

TheAuthor---WilliamFaulkner2

ChapterOneSurfaceMeaningofAsILayDying-ExistentialistCrisisofHeroes2

1.1TheDefinitionofExistentialism2

1.2Addie’sExistentialistCrisis3

1.3Anse’sExistentialistCrisis5

1.4Darl’sExistentialistCrisis6

ChapterTwoDeepMeaningofAsILayDying6

2.1TheDeepMeaningofIandDying6

2.2TheBackgroundoftheSouthAmericain1920s7

2.2.1PeopleSuspecttoNewIdeas7

2.2.2SlaveryandRacialism7

2.2.3ContradictionExistintheNorthandtheSouth8

ChapterThreeIfILiveatThatTime（1920s）8

3.1HowCanILiveaBetterLife?

8

3.2WhatLifeAttitudeIShouldHold?

9

ChapterFourthCrisisinModernAmerica9

4.1CrisisClassifications9

4.1.1CrisisCausedbyHumanBeings9

4.1.2CrisisCausedbyNature9

4.2WhatMajorCrisisExistinModernAmerica?

10

4.2.1TheRaceProblem10

4.2.2WealthInequality10

4.2.3TheUnemploymentProblem11

4.2.4Unilateralism12

Conclusion13

Bibliography15

Acknowledgement16

Introduction

AsILayDyingwroteunderthesouthwasinvadedbythenorthmodernindustrythatfacedagreatsocialchangesandturmoil.TheBundrenfamilyburyAddie’scoffinwhichexperiencesahardshipjourney.

ThefirstchapterintroducestheauthorWilliamFaulkner,andthemainpointoftheworkAsILayDying,whatapersonheisandsomethingabouthisachievement.ThesecondchapterfocusesonthesurfacemeaningofAsILayDying,theExistentialistcrisisoftheAddie,Anse,andDarlthenextentstothethirdchapterthedeepmeaningofthisnovel,theSouthAmericasituationin1920s.ThefourthchapterimaginesIinthattimewhatpositivelifeattitudeIshouldhold.ThefifthchapterassociatestocrisisinmodernAmericanfinallygetconclusion.

TheWork---AsILayDying

AsILayDyingisfollowedbytheSoundandtheFury,whichisastreamofconsciousnessnovel.Addie,whoisateacherofJeffersontownandgetsmarriedafarmer,Anse.Afterthatsheisunhappy,severalyearslatershehaveanaffairwiththeroadpriestandgivesbirthtoanillegitimatechildrenJewellassheisincompatiblewiththesurroundingenvironment.WhenAddieisgoingtodie,sheasksherhusbandandchildrenburyherbodybacktoherhometown.ForAddie,itisherfinalcontempttoherhusbandandthesociety.ToAnseandtheirchildren,itisrespecttoAddie’slastwishtocompleteit,withoutbeingaversetoit.Italsomixeswithsomestrangepersonalinterestsinthetendayjourney,whichevolvesitbecomeadisaster.Firstthefloodwashesawaythecoffin,andthenthemuleisdrowned,thefirealmostbakesthecoffin.Actually40milesofbumpyroadtakesixdays,thecorpseisstinking.Finallytheyarriveattheirdestination,thefamilysuddenlyscattered.Asaresult,theeldestsonispressuredbyvehiclethatlosesthelegsandbecomesmaimedforhisrestlife.Illegitimatechildloseshistreasurehorse.Becauseofsettingfiretocoffin,Darlissenttoalunaticasylum.Hisdaughterwantstoabortionbutisseducedbythemedicineman.Thelivestockpullsthecarriageissweptawaybytheflood.But,onlyAnsefitswithhisfalseteethandgetsmarriedanewwife.

AsILayDyingisablack,cruelcomedy.Bodyimageisthecenterofthisfiction.Deathisthecentralthemeofthenovel.ItisnotonlyreflectstheincompetentandunfortunateoftheBundrens,butalsoconveysageneraldeclineofthesouthemotions.SothenovelisnotonlydescribesAddie'

sdyingwhoisapeasantwoman,butalsodescribesthedyingthroughoutthesouth.Thereare59sectionsinthisnovel.Eachofsectionisformedbystreamofconsciousness.Thereare15narratorsintotal,inadditiontothesevenmembersoftheBundrenfamily,whoaretheirneighbors,occasionalvisitorsandsoon.Theytellaboutthestoryondifferentoccasionsandwithdifferentviews.Addie’sdyingisthecoreoftheworkwhichexplainstheroleinstreamofconsciousness.Thefreshspokenwayofthesouthernfarmerisusedwhichisfullofdifferentpersonality.Writingskillsaresuperbandamazing.

Literallysay,AsILayDyingisanovelaboutamistressoftheBundrens,Addie.Aftershediessomethinghappeninthisfamily.Butmetaphoricallyspeaking,AsILayDying,Iimplythepastprosperityinthe1920s.Eventhoughitisover,itaffectsAmericanminddeeply,the1920sstill“dying”.Needlesstosay,inthenovelFaulknertouchesmanysocialrealitiesinAmericansocietyatthattime.ItcanbesaidthatAsILayDyingisacreativenovelinthelast1920s,animportantAmericannovel.ThefirstAmericanmajornovelpublishedinthe1930s.

TheAuthor---WilliamFaulkner

WilliamFaulkner（1897-1962）isanAmericanwriterwhoborninasouthernfamilyinNewAlbany,Mississippiin1897,aftertheCivilWarhisfamilycamedown.Todayheisrecognizedas“OneofthegreatesttwoAmericanwritersathistime”.In1950,hewonthe1949NobelPrizeforLiterature.FaulknerusesShakespeare’sEnglishlanguageishailedastheworld'

screation,theimaginationishailedasBalzac,thecharacter'

sreputationisportrayedinDickens,innerexplorationactivityishailedasTuoDostoevsky.

DuringWorldWarI,FaulknerservesintheAirForce.AfterthewarheentersintotheUniversity,andthenworksinvariousoccupationsbeforewriting.WhenSoldiersofthereward（1926）ispublished,Faulknerislistedasthe"

lostgeneration"

butsoonhepartswithit.LaterwhenSarahRees（1929）appears,Faulknerreacheshiscreativepeak.Hefindsthat“Thesizeofapostagestamp,apieceofhomeland,theYoknapatawphaisworthwriting,I'

mafraidthatIwillneverfinishitinmylong-life”.（Faulkner）Withthisbelief,heput19​​longand70shortstoriesinthe“collapseoflawdescent”,reflectingthesocialrealitybetweentheeraoftheAmericanRevolutionandWorldWarII,trumpingthe"

humancomedy"

inthe20thcenturynovel.Hisfamousworks,suchasTheSoundandtheFuryandAsILayDying（1930）,Temple（1931）,LightinAugust（1932）,Absalom,Absalom（1936）andothermodernliteratureclassics.

Inart,FaulknerisaffectedbyFreudwhousesboldexperimentsandstreamofconsciousness,abitofsymbolstructure,metaphorperformanceandothermeans,suchasviolence,murder,sexualandotherabnormalpsychology.Hisworkstyleisvariedandconfusing;

readersshouldmakegreatefforttofeelhisuniqueaesthetictaste.In1949,FaulknerwontheNobelPrizeforLiteratureashemade​​astrongcontemporarytoAmericannovelandcontributedtotheartuniquely.

“AmericanwritersarenotapartofAmericanculture.Theylikenicedogs,peoplelikethemrunningaround,thenmaybetheywillbecomeuseless”.（WilliamFaulkner）HeholdspessimisticattitudetohisownroleintheAmericanliteraturehistory.ButPresidentKennedymournshimlikenHenry•Jamesandpraiseshisworkineternalmonument.

ChapterOneSurfaceMeaningofAsILayDying-ExistentialistCrisisofHeroes

1.1TheDefinitionofExistentialism

WhatisExistentialism?

Itisanon-rationalephilosophythoughtwhichemphasizestheindividual,independenceandsubjectiveexperience.PeoplewhofirstproposethisconceptareNietzsche,Soren•Kierkegaard,Schopenhauer,JaspersandMartin•Heideggerwhocanberegardedasthepioneer.Inparticularly,itspreadwidelyinthe20thcentury.SartreisaFrenchphilosopherandwriter.Albert•Camusistheirrepresentative.

Sartremostfamousproverbisthat:

“Existenceprecedesessence”and“Anythingispossible”.（Sartre）Whathemeansisthathumansurvivalisnotjustifiedinmoralandsoul.Moralandsoularecreatedbypersonwhoexistsintheworld.Peoplearenotobligedtocomplywithcertainethicalstandardsorreligiousbeliefs,theyhavetheirfreedomchoice.Toevaluateaperson,peopleshouldevaluatewhathehasdoneratherthanevaluatewhatkindofpersonheis,becauseapersonisdefinedbyhisactions.Existentialismdeniesgodoranyotherpre-definedrules.Sartreopposesany“resistance”factorinhislong-life,becausetheyreducepeople'

sfreedomchoice.Withoutsuchresistance,thenauniquepersonalproblemshouldbesolvedbythepathhechoosestogo.

Sartrebelievesthatwhenpeoplefacewithsomethings,iftheyarenotmake​​inaccordancewiththeindividualswill–“freechoice”,thenapersonwillthrowawayhispersonality,loss“self”andcannotberegardedasrealexistinthisworld.Existentialismthatistheindividualvalueaboveanythingelse,theindividualandsocietyisalwaysseparatedopposi