牛津英语整理模块七课文与翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

牛津英语整理模块七课文与翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

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Themodernage:

cableTV,satelliteTV,digitalTV,...

CableTVbeganin1948intheUSA,butittook50yearsbefore66percentofAmericanhouseholdshadit.SatelliteswereusedtobroadcastTVbeginningin1962.

SomeconsiderdigitalTVtobesuperiortosatelliteTVbecauseitallowsthesameservicestobedeliveredwithclearerpicturesthanbefore.InternationalstandardsfordigitalTVwereestablishedin1989andwithinfiveyears,consumersintheUSAhadaccessto200channels.By2004,digitalTVsignalswerebeingreceivedby55percentofhouseholdsinBritain.

In1996,acompletelynewconceptwasintroducedwhenthefirstWebTVset-topboxescameontothemarket.ThiscombinestheTVsetwiththeWorldWideWeb.WithinteractiveTVprogramming,youcanplayalongwithgameshows,respondtoquestionnairesandchattootherviewers.

Earlyhistoryofaudiodevices

Itallbeganin1877whenThomasEdisonmadethefirstrecordingofahumanvoice.Tenyearslater,thefirstrecordplayerwasdeveloped.ItwasinventedbyEmileBerliner,aGermanlivingintheUSA.Atthattime,therecordplayerhadtobewoundupbyhandandonlyplayedarecordfortwominutes.In1958,thefirstLPs（long-playrecords）cameontothemarket.

Taperecordersandplayers

1931wastheyearwhenaGermancompanybegantomakethefirsttaperecorders,whichcouldrecordandplaysoundsonatapewoundaroundaroundobject.In1948,threeAmericanscientistsinventedthetransistor,whichisasmallelectronicdevicetocontrolanelectriccurrent,buttheyonlydevelopeditformilitaryuse.TwoyoungJapaneseengineershadabetteridea.Theyboughtthepatent

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andappliedthetechnologytocreatethetransistorradio.In1954,theinventionofthetransistorledtothedevelopmentofcassetterecorders.Then,in1979,theWalkman,aportablepocket-sizedcassettetapeplayer,wasintroducedandbecamesopopularthatWalkmanwasaddedtotheOxfordEnglishDictionaryin1986.

Soundgoesdigital

In1982,thefirstCDs（compactdiscs）producedbyusingdigitaltechnologyweremadeavailable.In1986,whentheD-50,aportableCDplayer,waslaunched,theDiscmanwasborn.Inthefollowingyears,moreCDrecordingsbecameavailable,andin1988,forthefirsttimeever,peopleweredemandingmoreCDsthanLPs.

ThenextnewdevelopmentwastheMD（MiniDisc）playerin1992.ThisislikeaminiCDplayerbutcanalsorecordmusicandisveryeasytocarry,beingverysmall,asthename,mini?

indicates.

DevelopmentofMP3technologystartedin1987inGermanyandsincethebeginningof1999,thepopularityofMP3hasincreasedtosuchadegreethatmajorcorporationsaretakingovertheportablemusicplayermarketwithMP3players.TheyarethenextsteponfromtheWalkman,Discmanand

MDplayer.BecauseofthepopularityofMP3players,musicwebsiteshavesprungupallovertheInternetofferingMP3musicforpeopletopurchase.

1.

Whomightbetheinventor（s）ofthefirstTV?

A.VladimirZworykinfromRussia.

B.PhiloFarnsworthfromtheUSA.

C.JohnLogieBairdfromScotland.

D.Allthethreeabove.

2.

Thepassagementions_______country/countrieswhichhas/haveputdigitalTVintooperationby

2004.A.onlyone

B.two

C.three

D.atleastfour

3.

WhomighthaveattributedtothedevelopmentoftheWalkman?

A.TwoJapaneseengineers.

B.ThreeAmericanscientists.

C.ThomasEdison.

D.EmileBerliner.

4.

WhatisthemainfactorthatcausesthespringupofmusicwebsitesallovertheInternet?

A.ThepopularityofWalkman.

B.ThedevelopmentoftheMDplayer.

C.ThedevelopmentofMP3technology.

D.ThewideuseofDiscman.

5.

Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?

A.

B.

C.

D.

（T=title○1=subtitle1○2=subtitle2○3=subtitle3○4=subtitle4○5=subtitle5）

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Unit2

TwoLife-savingmedicines

Thisarticlewillfocusontwomedicinesthathavechangedpeople?

slives.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardintheworld,thereisahighprobabilitythatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople?

slivessincetheywereinvented.

ASPIRIN

Thedatethataspirinwasinventedisgivenbymedicalhistoriansas1897,butinfact,3,500yearsago,somerecipesrecommendeddrinkingateamadefromthedriedleavesofaparticularplanttoreducebodypains.About2,500yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrates,fatherofalldoctors,

madeajuicefromthebarkofakindoftreetoreducefeverandpain.Theactivechemicalinthisjuice（salicylicacid）helpedstopthepain.Itwasin1897thataEuropeanchemistcalledDrFelixHoffmann

producedacetylsalicylicacid（ASA）fromsomeotherchemicalstomakeamedicineforhisfather.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegangivingthemedicineinpowderformtophysicianstousewithpatients.Ayearlater,in1900,aspirinwassoldinshopsasatabletcontaining500milligramsofASA.Thisisoneofthefirstmedicinesin

theworldevertobesoldasastandardizedtablet.In1950,aspirinappearedintheGuinnessBookof

Recordsasthebest-sellingpainkiller.

Notonlyhasaspirinsavedmanypeople?

slivesbyreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,butthere

arealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.Lawrencecraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,istheauthorofseveralpublishedreports,oneofwhichintroducedtheideain1953thataspirincouldreducetheriskofheartattacksbythinningblood.Thereportwasignored.However,in1971,SmithandWillisfromtheUKprovedthataspirinwasablood-thinningmedicine,andin1977,astudycarriedoutintheUSAshowedthatthechemicalASAinaspirincouldpreventastroke,whichisatypeofseriousillnesswhenbloodvesselsinthebrainburstsuddenlyorareblocked.Elevenyearslater,DrThun

fromtheUSAshowedthatASAcouldreducetheriskofcoloncancerby40percent.In1999,aspirinwas100yearsoldandyettherehavebeenmorediscoveriesonhowitcanhelpincreasethelengthofpeople?

slives.In2003,aChinesedoctor,DrYuanMinsheng,foundthatASAcouldreducebloodsugarlevelsand,therefore,helppeoplewithdiabetes.

PENICILLIN

Anotherdrugthathashelpedincreasethestandardofpeople?

shealthispenicillin.Thisbacteria-killingmedicineisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthemostimportantmedicinesincontemporarysociety.ItwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedAlexanderFlemingin1928.He

3

notedthatmouldhadgrownonaspecialtransparentjellythathadbacteriaonit.Hesawthatthemouldhadkilledthem.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacteriumandfoundthatitkilledthebacteriumtoo.Heimmediatelythoughtthatthisapplicationmighthelpintreatingwoundsandillnessescausedbybacteria.Henamedthechemicalfoundinthemould,penicillin?

andtriedtomakeitpuretobeamedicine,butwasunabletodothat.Flemingdidnotgiveup.However,itwasnotuntilWorldWarIIthattwootherscientists,HowardFlorey（Australian）andErnstChain（Germanborn

English）managedtousenewchemicaltechniquestopurifyit.Theywereabletoproduceitinlargequantities.Theirnewdrugwasneededimmediatelybecauseofthewar,somassproductionstartedquickly.Duetothewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringWorldWarII.Itwasadreamcometrue.Ifpenicillinhadnotbeenavailable,manypeoplewouldhavediedfrombacterialillnessesorevenminorwounds.Penicillinisalsousedtotreatotherillnessesincludingpneumonia,anillnessthataffectsthelungs.So,althoughFlemingdiscoveredpenicillin,itwasoveradecadebefore

someoneelseturnedpenicillinintothegreatdrugofthe20thcentury.

In1945,allthethreescientists,Fleming,FloreyandChain,sharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiology

orMedicinefortheirwork,andpenicillinrapidlybecamethepowerful,wonderdrug?

whichsaved

millionsoflives.

Welearnfromthepassagethatthetrialuseofaspirininpowderformmaydatebackto________.

A.2500yearsago

B.3,500yearsago

C.1897

D.1899

Aspirinhasbeenrecognizedasthebest-sellingpainkillerbytheworld________.

A.forfewerthan50years

B.since3,500yearsago

C.formorethan50years

D.eversinceitwasputontothemarket

3.Variousresearchesandreportsshowthataspirincanbeusedinatleast________differentwaysinmedicaltreatment.

A.five

B.four

D.six

Penicillinwasdiscoveredin________andsavedmanylivesin