4年高考江苏省高考英语真题汇编 说明文阅读.docx

4年高考江苏省高考英语真题汇编 说明文阅读.docx

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4年高考江苏省高考英语真题汇编说明文阅读

江苏省2011-2014年高考英语真题汇编

说明文阅读

（2014江苏）C

Mostdamagingly,angerweakensaperson’sabilitytothinkclearlyandkeepcontroloverhisbehaviour.Theangrypersonlosesobjectivityinevaluatingtheemotionalsignificanceofthepersonorsituationthatarouseshisanger.

Noteveryoneexperiencesangerinthesameway;whatangersonepersonmayamuseanother.Thespecificexpressionofangeralsodiffersfrompersontopersonbasedonbiologicalandculturalforces.Incontemporaryculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.Wenolongerregardduels（决斗）asanappropriateexpressionofangerresultingfromoneperson’sawarenessofinsultingbehaviouronthepartofanother.

Angercanbeidentifiedinthebrain,wheretheelectricalactivitychanges.UndermostconditionsEEG（脑电图）measuresofelectricalactivityshowbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftprefro

ntal（额叶前部）areas.Behaviourallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handeddisposition（意向）thatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftprefrontalareasaren’tbalancedand,asaresultofthis,we’relikelytoreact.Andourbehaviouralresponsetoangerisdifferentfromourresponsetootheremotions,whetherpositiveornegative.

Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehaviour:

wemoveclosertopeoplewelike.Mostnegativeemotions,incontrast,areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour:

wemoveawayfrompeopleandthingsthatwedislikeorthatmakeusanxious.Butangerisanexceptiontothispattern.Theangrierweare,themorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasofensiveanger:

theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.Thisapproach-and-confrontbehaviourisaccompaniedbyaleftwardprefrontalasymmetry（不对称）ofEEGactivity.Interestingly,thisasymmetrylessensiftheangrypersoncanexperienceempa

thy（同感）towardstheindividualwhoisbringingforththeangryresponse.Indefensiveanger,incontrast,theEEGasymmetryisdirectedtotherightandtheangrypersonfeelshelplessinthefaceoftheanger-inspiringsituation.

61.The“duels”exampleinParagraph2provesthattheexpressionofanger________.

A.usuallyhasabiologicalbasisB.variesamongpeople

C.issociallyandculturallyshapedD.influencesone’sthinkingandevaluation

62.Whatchangescanbefoundinanangrybrain?

ZXXK

A.Balancedelectricalactivitycanbespotted.

B.Unbalancedpatternsarefoundinprefrontalareas.

C.Electricalactivitycorrespondstoone’sbehaviour.

D.Electricalactivityagreeswithone’sdisposition.

63.Whichofthefollowingistypicalofoffensiveanger?

A.Approachingthesourceofanger.B.Tryingtocontrolwhatisdisliked.

C.Movingawayfromwhatisdisliked.D.Feelinghelplessinthefaceofanger.

64.Whatisthekeymessageofthelastparagraph?

A.Howangerdiffersfromotheremotions.B.Howangerrelatestootheremotions.

C.Behaviouralresponsestoanger.D.Behaviouralpatternsofanger.

61.C62.B63.A64.D

（2013江苏）C

Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen（氮）dissolved（溶解）inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,ifthebubbles（气泡）accumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.

Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression（减压）sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:

whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsinthebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil（化石）bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.

BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.

Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingleTriassicspecimen（标本）showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.

Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidsoquickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.

Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator（捕食动物）suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,theywereprey（猎物）aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.

61.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymptomofthebends?

A.Atwistedbody.

B.Agradualdecreaseinbloodsupply.

C.Asuddenreleaseofnitrogeninblood.

D.Adropinbloodpressure.

62.ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee______.

A.howoftenichthyosaurscaughtthebends

B.howichthyosaursadaptedtodecompression

C.whyichthyosaursbenttheirbodies

D.whenichthyosaursbroketheirbones

63.Rothschild’sfindingstatedinParagraph4______.

A.confirmedhisassumptionB.speededuphisresearchprocess

C.disagreedwithhisassumptionD.changedhisresearchobjectives

64.Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs______.

A.failedtoevolveananti-decompressionmeans

B.graduallydevelopedmeasuresagainstthebends

C.diedoutbecauseoflargesharksandcrocodiles

D.evolvedananti-decompressionmeansbutsoonlostit

61.A62.B63.C64.A

（2012江苏）B

DeputyAgricultureSecretaryKathleenMerriganseesanepidemic（流行病）sweepingacrossAmericasfarmland.Ithaslittletodowiththeusualchallenges,suchasflood,risingfuelpricesandcrop-eatinginsects.Thecountry'sfannersaregettingolder,andtherearefewerpeoplestandinginlinetotaketheirplace.Nationalagriculturalcensus（普查）figuresshowthatthefastest-growinggroupoffannersisthepartover65.Merriganisafraidtheaverageagewillbeevenhigherwhenthe2012statisticsarecompleted.

Merrigan,aformercollegeprofessor,ismakingstopsatuniversitiesacrossthecountryinhopesofencouragingmorestudentstothinkaboutcareersinagriculture.Asidefromtryingtostopthegrayingof.America'sfarmers,herworkismadetougherbyarecentblogpostingthatputagricultureatNo.1onalistof"useless"collegedegrees.Topfederalagricultureofficialsaretalkingabouttheposting,andithastheattentionofagriculturalorganizationsacrossthecountry.

“Therecouldn'tbeanythingthat'smoreincorrect,"Merrigansaid."Weknowthattherearen'tenoughqualifiedgraduatestofillthejobsthatareoutthereinAmericanagriculture.

Inaddition,agrowingworldpopulationthatsomeexpertspredictwillrequire70%morefoodproductionby2050,shesaid.

“Itrulybelievewe'reatagoldenageofagriculture.Globaldemandisatanall-timerecordhigh,andglobalsuppliesareatall-timerecordlows,"saidMattRush,directoroftheTexasFarmBureau."Productioncostsaregoingtobevaluableenoughthatyoungerpeoplearegoingtohavetheopportunitytobeinvolvedinagriculture."

TheDepartmentofAgriculturehasprogramsaimedatdevelopingmorefarmersandatincreasinginterestinlocallygrownfood.TheNationalYoungFarmers'Coalitionhasalsobeenpushingforstateandfederalpolicychangestomakeiteasierfornewfarmers.

RyanBest,presidentofFutureFannersofAmerica,hasbeenlivingoutofasuitcase,travelingthecountryandvisitingwithhighschoolstudentsaboutcareersinagriculture.The21-year-oldBesthopeshismessage-thatthisisanewtimeinagriculture-willmotivatethenextgenerationtoturnaroundthestatistics.Neverbeforehavewehadtheinnovations（创新）intechnologywhichhaveledtoagricultureinthiscountrybeingthemostefficientithaseverbeen,”hesaid.“there’sreallyaplaceforeverybodytofitin.”

59.WhatisthenewchallengetoAmericanagriculture?

A.Fewerandolderfarmers.B.Higherfuelprices.

C.Morenaturaldisasters.D.Loweragriculturaloutput.

60.WhyisMerriganvisitinguniversitiesacrossthecountry?

A.Todrawfederalagricultureofficials'attention.

B.Toselectqualifiedagriculturegraduates.

C.Toclarifyarecentblogposting.

D.Totalkmorestudentsintofarmingcareers

61.AccordingtoMattRush,Americanagriculturewillprovideopportunitiesforyoungerpeoplebecause__________.

A.thegovernmentwillcoverproductioncosts

B.globalfoodsupplieswillbeevenlower

C.investmentinagriculturewillbeprofitable

D.Americawillincreaseitsfoodexport

62.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"toturnaroundthestatistics"inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Tore-analyzetheresultof