0病毒各论和真菌英文版总结Word文档格式.docx

0病毒各论和真菌英文版总结Word文档格式.docx

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1）core:

-ssRNA,segmented（7-8pieces）

2）NP:

surroundandbindtheRNA,type-specific,stable.

3）envelope:

M1、M2protein,lipidbilayermembrane

4）spikes：

HA、NA

Hemagglutinin（HA）

2units:

HA1andHA2

*agglutinatehumanandsomeanimalRBC

*berelatedtotheadsorptionofviruses（cellreceptor:

neuraminicacid）

*antigenicity:

showgreatvariability

AbstotheHAareprotective,neutralizeviralinfectivity.

Neuraminidase（NA）

*berelatedtothereleaseofviruses:

hydrolyzetheterminalneuraminicacidofglycoproteinonsurfaceofcell.

*antigenicity:

variable

2.Typeandvariation

⏹BasedonantigenicityofNPandMP:

----InfluenzatypeA,B,C.

⏹BasedonHA,NA:

----InfluenzaAsubtype;

eg:

H1N1,H3N2subtype

Variation:

HAandNAshowgreatvariability.

*Antigenicdrift:

whichareminorchangesbasedonmutationsinthegenomeRNA.ItcannotresultinanewinfluenzaAsubtypeandusuallycausemedianorsmallepidemicofinfluenza.

*Antigenicshift:

whicharemajorchangesbasedonthereassortmentofsegmentsofthegenomeRNA.ItcanresultinanewinfluenzaAsubtypeandusuallycauselargescaleepidemicofinfluenza.

3.Cultivation

Cultureinchickenembryo.

Cultureincellculture（non-CPE）

4.Resistance

Inactivated56℃30min.

II.PathogenesisandImmunity

influenzavirusesisspreadviarespiratorydroplets.

virusparticlesbindstocellsoftherespiratoryepithelium

Clinicalfeatures:

*respiratorytractsymptoms:

sorethroat,coughetc;

*systemicsymptoms:

headache,fever,myalgias（musclepains）.

III.Control

Vaccine:

Wholeinactivatedvirusvaccines----includingH1N1,H3N2andaBsubtype.

Section2AvianInfluenzavirus

BlongtotypeAinfluenzaviruses;

caninfectbirds,pigs,horses,sealsandwhales,etc;

serotypesH5andH7areconsideredhighlypathogenicinpoultry.

Section3SARS-associatedcoronavirus（SARS-CoV）

1.Anovelcoronavirus;

2.60-220nm,+ssRNA（29.7kb）,enveloped;

3.Majorstructures:

N,S,M,E

4.Transmission:

closeperson-to-personcontact

5.Associateddiseases:

SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome（SARS）

Chapter27Enteroviruses

I.Classification:

1）Poliovirus:

3serotypes

2）Coxsackievirus:

GroupAandGroupB,30serotypes

3）ECHOvirus:

34serotype

4）NewEnteroviruses:

serotype68.69.70.71.72

II.CommonProperties:

1）spherical,20-30nm,icosahedralsymmetry,nonenveloped,+ssRNA

2）cellculture（causeCPE）

3）resistance:

morestable,resistanttolipo-solvents,pH3-5,resist56℃30min

4）pathogenesis:

virus---enteron---viremia---differenttrargettissue.

Eg:

Poliovirus:

V—enteron–viremia–CNS（anteriorhorncells,cytocidaleffect）

--causePoliomyelitis

Coxs.viruses（groupB）:

V—enteron-–viremia–cardiacmuscular（immunopathologicalreactions）----causeviralmyocarditis

5）thevirus-neutralizingepitopesresidemainlyinVP1,althoughtheactualsitesmaycoverVP2and/orVP3

Poliovirus

1.Threeserotypes,non-crossreaction

2.Fecal–oraltramission,

3.CausePoliomyelitis

4.Immunity:

neutralizationAb

5.Vaccine:

Bothoralpoliovaccine（OPVlive,attenuated，Sabin,1957）andinactivatedpoliovirusvaccine（IPV，Salk,1954）areavilable

Sabinvaccine---Anoralpoliomyelitisvaccineconsistingofliveattenuatedpolioviruses.Thisvaccineusesliveattenuatedvirusthatisgivenbymouth,sometimesasliquiddropsinasugarcube.

Rotaviruses

1.65-75nm,icosahedral,double-shelldcapsids（innercapsid,wheel-like）

2.dsRNA:

11segments,

3.Culture:

difficult

4.Type:

basedoninnercapsid,7groups（A-G）,mostofthehumanrotavirusareofgroupA

5.Transmission:

fecal-oralroute

6.Mainlyinfectyoungchildren（6months-2years）,causediarrhea.

Chapter28HepatitisA-EViruses

Manyvirusescausehepatitis.Ofthese,fivemedicallyimportantvirusesarecommonlydescribedas“hepatitisviruses”becausetheirmainsiteofinfectionistheliver.

Section1HepatitisAvirus（HAV）

APicornavirus,nowclassifiedasaheptovirus,formerlyknownasenterovirus72

I.Biologicalproperties

1.spherical,27nm,icosahedral,non-enveloped2.+ssRNA,7400bp.3.Oneserotype4.Chimpanzeeandmarmoset（绒猴）aresusceptible.5.Culture:

difficult,noCPE,growslowly.

6.Stable:

resistanceto60℃1h,pH3;

inactivatedat100℃5min.

II.Pathogenesisandimmunity

1.Sourceofinfection:

patients,subclinicalinfectedperson.

2.Transmission:

fecal-oralroute.（fromfecallycontaminatedwaterorfood）

3.Childrenarethemostfrequentlyinfectedgroup

4.Pathogenicmechanism:

HAV----mouth----intestine----blood----liver

Mechanismofhepatocytedamage:

Causeacutehepatitis.

1）viraldirecteffect2）immunolinjure

III.Control

1.γ-globulinforurgentprevention.

2.Vaccine:

Inchina,livingvaccinesarecommonlyused.（growninhumancellculture）.

InUSA,inactivatedvaccinesarecommonlyused（Thevirusisgrowninhumancellcultureandinactivatedwithformalin）.

Section2HepatitisBvirus（HBV）

Globally,morethan300millionpeoplearechronicallyinfectedwithHBVandabout75%ofthemareAsian.

1.Structure:

core:

1）incompletecirculardsDNA（3200bp）,thelongstrandiscomplete,variablelengthoftheshortstrand.2）DNApolymerase

layercapsids:

innercapsid:

icosahedral,carryHBcAg（HBeAg）

outercapsid:

carryHBsAg,pre-SAg.

2.Threedifferentparticles:

1）Daneparticle:

intactvirion,42nm,infectious.

2）Smallsphericalparticle:

22nm,carryHBsAg.

3）Tubularparticle:

consistsofHBsAg.

3.Geneandencodedproteins

Fourregions（S,C,P,X）,locatedinthelongstrand.

Sregion:

HBsAg,pre-S1protein,pre-S2protein.

Cregion:

HBcAg,HBeAg.

Pregion:

DNApolymerase（hasbothRNA-dependentandDNA-dependentactivity）.

Xregion:

Xprotein.

4.Replication:

TherearesomeparallelsbetweentheHBVandtheretroviruses（reversetranscription）.

5.Ags&

Abs

1）HBsAg:

4subtypes:

adr,adw,ayr,ayw;

4genetypes:

A,B,C,D;

HBsAg（+）:

indicatesthatthepatientisinfectedwithHBV,eitherasarecentacuteinfectionorasacarrier;

anti-HBs:

protective.

pre-S1Agandpre-S2Ag:

*berelatedtotheadsorptionofvirus;

*enhancetheantigenicityofSprotein.

anti-pre-S1:

protective,neutralizingAb

anti-pre-S2:

2）HBcAg:

noteasilydetectiveinserum

anti-HBc:

notprotective

anti-HBc（+）:

viralmultiplication,activeinfection,infectious.

3）HBeAg:

CgeneandpreCgeneencodeHBeAgprotein

easilydetectedinserum

variable

HBeAg（+）:

viralmultiplication,activeinfection,infectious.

anti-HBe:

viralmultiplicationandactiveinfectionarereduced,haslessinfectious

4）HBxAg:

associatedwithhepatocellularcarcinoma.

6.Cannotgrowinanycellculture.

7.Resistance

stable60℃1h,100℃10-15min.

Ⅱ.Pathogenesis&

immunity

patients,HBsAg-carrier（WhohasHBsAgpersistingintheirbloodforatleast6months）.

2.Transmissionway:

①Bybloodorbloodproducts;

②Sexualtransmission;

③Verticaltransmission:

frommothertochild（duringbirthorbreastfeeding）.

3.Mechanismofpathogenesis:

①Cell–mediatedhypersensitivity

②Antibody-mediatedhypersensitivity

③Autoimmuneinjury

HBVpreCmutate----absenceofHbeAg----immunalescape

Ⅲ.MicrobiologicalDetection

1.DetecteAgs&

Abs:

HBsAg,anti-HBs,anti-HBc,HBeAg,anti-HBe.

2.DetecteHBVDNA

HBV-DNA-indicatesactivereplicationofvirus,moreaccuratethanHBeAgespeciallyincasesofescapemutants.Usedmainlyformonitoringresponsetotherapy.

3.DetecteseraDNApolymerase

Ⅳ.Control

Vaccination-highlyeffectiverecombinantvaccinesarenowavailable.

RecombinantHBsAgvaccines--madebygeneticengineeringinyeasts.

Serumderivedvaccine--preparedfromHBsAgpurifiedfromtheserumofHBVcarriers.

VTreatment

Interferon–

Lamividine-anucleosideanaloguereversetranscriptaseinhibitor.

Section3HepatitisCvirus（HCV）

1.+ssRNA,lipo-enveloped.2.Cannotculture.3.easyvariation.4.Transmission:

transmittedmainlybybloodandbloodproducts.5.HCViscloselyrelatedtohepatoma.

6.Microbiologicaldetection:

Detectanti-HCV;

DetectviralRNA:

RT-PCR.

7.Control:

Neitheractivenorpassiveimmunizationisavailable.

Section4HepatitisDvirus（HDV）

1.Spherical,35-37nm.2. 

–ssRNA,circle,1700bp.OutercapsidisHBsAg.3. 

Oneserotype.

4. 

Defectivevirus.5.Humanandchimpanzeearesusce