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x射线XRayinspecprocedure1
X射线检测工艺程序
编号
ReportNo.
Q/OH(Q)03.003-2009
浙江欧华造船有限公司
ZhejiangOuHuaShipbuildingCo.,Ltd
X-RayInspectProcedure
页数
Pages
25
编写:
Wrttenby
审核:
Checkedby
确认:
Approvedby
目录
Content
章节题目页码
ChaptertitlePage
1目的3
1Purpose3
2适用范围3
2Scope3
3引用标准3
3normativereferences3
4检测人员4
4Inspectionstaff4
5射线照相设备4
5Radiographicequipment4
6射线照相器材4
6Radiographicappliances4
7射线照相工艺要求6
7Requirementofradiographic6
8射线照相检验报告及资料处理21
8Radiographictestingreportandmaterialtreatment21
9检测报告格式附后23
9Theformatoftestingreport23
10返修通知单格式附后24
10Theformatofrepairnotice24
1.目的
1.Purpose
本工艺是根据LR规范及IACS焊接质量和无损探伤检测指南要求制定的焊缝射线检测质量控制程序。
1.TheworkmanshipisbasedonthequalitycontrolprocedureofseamradiographictestingoftheruleofLRandIACSguidelineofweldingqualityandNDTofshipsteelwelds.
2.适用范围
2.Scope
2.1本工艺适用于金属材料板和管的熔化焊焊接接头。
2.1Theworkmanshipisfitforthefusionweldingconnectorofmetalplateandpipe.
2.2焊缝射线检测执行本工艺标准外,尚应符合现行的有关标准规范及设计部门提出的有关要求。
2.2Besidestheaboveworkmanship,weldingseamradiographictestingshouldsatisfytherelatedstandardsandtherequirementsofthedesigningdepartment.
3.引用标准
3.Normativereferences
3.1参照程序
3.1Referencedprocedure
(a)LR船舶入级规范和规则
(a)LRsteelseagoingshipclassificationandbuildingrule
(b)IACS焊接质量和无损探伤检测指南
(b)IACSGuidelineNon-destructivetestingofshiphullsteelwelds
3.2合格标准
3.2Eligibilitycriteria
(a)LR船舶入级规范和规则第2分册材料的制造、试验和认证规范第13章第9节。
(a)Section9,Chapter13,Rulesforthemanufacture,testingandcertificationofmaterials,LRrules2008.
(b)IACS焊接质量和无损探伤检测指南
(b)IACSGuidelineNon-destructivetestingofshiphullsteelwelds
4.检测人员
4.Testingstaff
4.1从事焊缝射线检测人员,必须掌握射线检测的基础知识,具有一定的焊缝射线检测经验,同时还必须掌握一定的金属材料和焊接基础知识。
4.1Peoplewhoareengagedontheweldingseamtestingmusthavethebasicknowledgeofradiographictestingandtheexperienceaswellastheknowledgeofmetalandbasicwelding.
4.2射线检测人员必须持有国家有关部门(CCS等)颁发的并与其工作相适应的等级资格证书.进行检测的人员应当根据国家公认的认证计划或按照等同于ISO9712,SNT-TC-1A,EN473或ASNTACCP进行二级资格鉴定和认证。
一级资质的操作人员可以二级或三级资质人员的管理下进行测试。
获得国家公认的认证计划或按照等同于ISO9712,SNT-TC-1A,EN473或ASNTACCP认证的三级资质人员有责任准备和认可无损探伤操作程序。
4.2Radiographictestingstaffmustholdtherequiredcertificateissuedbynationdepartment(e.g.,CCS).
OperatorsshouldbequalifiedaccordingtoanationallyrecognisedschemewithagradeequivalenttolevelIIqualificationofISO9712,SNT-TC-1A,EN473orASNTCentralCertificationProgram(ACCP).OperatorsqualifiedtolevelImaybeengagedinthetestsunderthesupervisionofpersonnelqualifiedtolevelIIorIII.
PersonnelresponsibleforthepreparationandapprovalofNDTproceduresshouldbequalifiedaccordingtoanationallyrecognisedschemewithagradeequivalenttolevelIIIqualificationofISO9712,SNT-TC-1A,EN473orASNTCentralCertificationProgram(ACCP).
5.射线照相设备
5.Radiographicequipment
5.1X射线机
5.1X-raymachine
X射线机必须由有资质的法定计量单位进行鉴定合格,并在有效期范围内。
X-raymustbequalifiedbythelegalunitofmeasurement,itshouldbeinperiodofvalidity
5.2辐射报警仪radiationalarmequipment
使用个人计量报警仪FJ2000Xγ
ThealarmequipmentFJ2000Xγforradializationshouldbeused.
6.射线照相器材
6.Radiographicapparatus
6.1射线胶片
Radiographicfilm
射线胶片选用AGFAC7,胶片的灰雾度不大于0.3.
AGFA(TypeC7)isthepriorityofradiographicfilm,andthefogdensityoffilmshouldbelowerthan0.3.
6.2洗片药剂
6.2Thechemicalforfilmprocessing
胶片的处理按胶片使用说明书的配方或公认的有效药剂和方法处理。
Theprocessingwillbetreatedundertheformulaandtherecognizedchemicaloffilminstruction.
6.3增感屏
6.3Intensifyingscreen
6.3.1射线照相采用金属增感屏,长度为0.03mm。
6.3.1Metalintensifyingscreenwillbeusedforradiograph,lengthis0.03mm.
6.3.2X射线照相时采用铅箔增感屏。
6.3.2Thelead-foilintensifyingscreenwillbeusedforradiograph.
6.3.3胶片和增感屏在透照过程中应始终相互紧贴
6.3.3Thefilmandintensifyingscreenshouldbetightduringtheprocessoftrans-illumination
6.4密度计
6.4Densitometer
密度计的准确度应不低于±0.05,可测黑度不低于4.5.并在有效期范围内.
Theaccuracyofdensitometershouldnotbelowerthan±0.05,andthemeasuredblacknessshouldnotbelowerthan4.5,itshouldbeinperiodofvalidity
6.5观片灯
6.5Filmilluminator
观片灯最大亮度应不小于100000cd/㎡,且观察的漫射光亮度应可调。
对不需要观察或透光量过强的部分应采用适当的遮光板屏蔽强光。
经照射后的底片亮度应不低于30cd/㎡.
Themaximumluminanceoffilmilluminatorshouldnotbelowerthan100000cd/㎡,andthediffusedlightshouldbeadjusted.Forthosenottobeobservedorthatthepenetrationoflightistoostrongshouldbeshieldedbyshadowshields.Afterexposure,thelightoffilmshouldnotbelowerthan30cd/㎡.
6.6线性像质计
6.6Linearimagequalityindicator
线性像质计的型号和规格应符合JB/T7902《线性像质计》、EN462-1的规定。
ThetypeandspecificationlinearimagequalityindicatorissuitableforJB/T790LinearimagequalityindicatorandtheruleofEN462-1.
7.射线照相工艺要求
7.Therequirementofradiographprocedure
7.1焊缝表面质量
7.1Thequalityofweldingseamingsurface
7.1.1需检验的焊缝,其焊缝及热影响区的表面质量(包括余高高度),应经外观检查合格,表面不规则状态在底片上的图像不掩盖焊缝中的缺陷或与之相混淆,否则应进行适当的修整。
7.1.1Theweldingseamingandsurfacequalityofheatingaffectedareas(includingtheheightofreinforcement)shouldbeaccepted.Thepicturesintheirregularsurfaceshouldnotcoverthedefectsofweldingormixingwithit,otherwiseitshouldberepaired.
7.1.2焊缝表面经检查合格后,由质检员填写探伤申请单。
申请单上写明工程代号、工程名称、焊工或焊工号、探伤编号、焊接方法、材料牌号及材料规格、焊缝质量评定标准等。
7.1.2Iftheweldingsurfaceisaccepted,thequalitycontrolstaffcanfilluptheapplicationformofdefectdetection.Thebelowinformation(projectnumber,projectname,welder/weldersymbols,defectdetectionnumber,weldingmethod,materialnumber,materialspecification,thestandardsofweldingqualityassessment)shouldbeincludedintheform.
7.2检测时机
7.2Testingtime
射线照相安排在焊缝冷却至环境温度时进行,对于屈服强度大于400MPa,碳当量大于0.41的材料,应在焊后48小时进行。
Radiographshouldbearrangedwhenthetemperatureofweldingcoolstothesurroundingtemperature.Wheresteelthatбs>400MPaorCev>0.41,itshouldbedoneafter48hoursofwelding.
7.3射线源能量的选择
7.3Thechoiceofenergyofradiographicsource
7.3.1在保证穿透力的前提下,尽量选择能量较低的X射线。
7.3.1Underthepremiseofenoughpenetration,thelowenergyofX-raywillbepriority.
7.4透照方法
7.4Trans-illuminationmethods
7.4.1按射线源、工件和胶片之间的相互位置关系,对接焊缝的基本透照方式见图1和图2.
7.4.1Accordingtotheinter-locationofradiosource,workandfilm,thebasicmethodsoftrans-illuminationofjointweldingareasfollows:
Picture1:
radiographyforthosejointwelds
1Straightweldandsinglewalltechnique
2Straightweldanddoublewallstechnique
3Circularweldoutsideradiographytechnique
④Circularweldinnerradiographytechnique(methodofcentralF=R)
⑤Circularweldinnerradiographytechnique(methodofinnereccentricity
F<R)
⑥Circularweldinnerradiographytechnique(methodofinnereccentricity
F>R)
⑦Circularweldanddoublewallsandsingleimagetechnique
⑧Straightweldradiographytechnique(Lo=0)
⑨Circularweldanddoublewallsdoubleimagetechnique
⑩Straightweldradiographytechnique(Lo=0)
单壁透照①singlewallradiographytechnique
直缝透照straightweldradiographytechnique
双壁透照②doublewallsradiographytechnique
中心法(F=R)④methodofcentral(F=R)
内透法③methodofinnerradiography
(源内片外)F偏心法methodofeccentricity
单壁透照F>R⑥
Singlewallradiographytechnique
外透法methodofoutsideradiography
(源外片内)(源外片内)
环缝透照
斜透法⑦inclinedradiographytechnique
双壁单影doublewallsandsingleimagetechnique
直透法⑧straightradiography
双壁透照doublewallsradiographytechnique
斜透法⑨inclinedradiography
双壁双影doublewallsandimagestechnique
直透法⑩straightradiography
图2常用对接焊缝透照方式
Picture2:
radiographyforthosejointwelds
选择透照方式时,应综合考虑透照灵敏度,缺陷检出特点,透照厚度差、横向裂纹检出角、一次透照长度、操作方便性以及探伤设备等各方面的因素,权衡择优。
在可使用单壁透照时,应尽可能使用单壁透照。
Whenchoosingwaysofradiography,radiographicsensitivity,characterofdefect,differenceofradiographicthickness,testingangleofhorizontalcrack,lengthofonetimeradiography,convenienceandcrackdetectionapplianceswillbetakenintoconsideration.Ifpossible,singlewallradiographywillbethepriority.
7.4.2双壁双影法透照的要求
7.4.2Therequirementofdoublewallsandscreensradiography
7.4.2.1管子对接焊缝采用双壁双影法时,射线束的方向应满足上下焊缝的影像在底片上呈椭圆形显示,其间距以一个焊缝宽度为宜,只有当上下两焊缝呈椭圆形显示有困难时才可做垂直透照。
7.4.2.1whenusingdoublewallsandscreens,thedirectionofraybeamsshouldsatisfytherequirementthatimageinthefilmwillbeoval,thedistancewillbekeptoneweldseam,thelargestdistanceshouldnotbelowerthan15mm,becausethattheverticalradiographywillbeavailableiftheweldscannotshowoval.
7.4.2.2对于外径小于等于100mm的管焊缝,双壁双影法透照时,至少分两次互成90°曝光,如果垂直透照至少要进行三次互成60°或120°曝光。
7.4.2.2Forthosepipingweldwhoseoutsidediameterislowerthan100mm,itshouldbe90°exposuretwicewhendoingdoublewallsandscreensradiography.Ifdoingtheverticalradiography,itshouldbe60°or120°exposuresforthreetimes.
7.4.2.3采用双壁双影法透照时,射线源至胶片的距离不得低于600mm.
7.4.2.3Adoptingdoublewallsandscreensradiography,thedistancebetweenraysandfilmshouldnotbelowerthan600mm.
7.4.2.4双壁双影法一般只用于外径小于等于100mm的管环焊缝,双壁双影直透法则一般用于外径小于20mm的管子环焊缝透照。
7.4.2.4Generally,doublewallsandscreensradiographyissuitableforthosepipingweldwhoseoutsidediameterislowerthan100mmorequals100mm,anddoublewallsandscreensstraightradiographyissuitableforpipingcircularweldradiographywhoseoutsidediameterislowerthan20mm.
7.5射线照相几何条件
7.5geometricconditionofradiography
7.5.1射线源至工件的最小距离fmin与射线源尺寸d和工件源-侧表面-胶片距离b有关,射线源至工件距离f的选择,应满足下式的几何不清晰度要求:
Ug=db/f
其中:
Ug:
几何不清晰度
d:
射线源尺寸
b:
工件源-侧表面-胶片距离
f:
射线源至工件距离
SFD:
f+b:
射线源至胶片距离(焦距)
厚度50mm以下材料其几何不清晰度值不应超过0.5mm,厚度50mm~102mm材料其几何
不清晰度值不应超过0.75mm
7.5.1Theminimumdistancebetweenraysourceandartifact(fmin)hassomethingtodowiththesizeofraysource(d)and