海明威对待命运的矛盾态度在其作品中的体现.docx

海明威对待命运的矛盾态度在其作品中的体现.docx

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海明威对待命运的矛盾态度在其作品中的体现

HEMINGWAY’SCONTRADICTORYATTITUDESTOWARDSFATEMIRROREDINHISWORKS

by

WuZhihao

April,2007

XiaoganUniversity

Abstract

ThethesisshowsHemingway’scontradictoryattitudestowardsfateonthebasisofananalysisofthemaincharactersinhisthreewell-knownnovels.InTheSunAlsoRises,theprotagonistJakeisunfortunate.HiswoundsymbolizesthecruelfateaswellasHemingway’spessimisticattitudetowardslife.ButJakehaschangedfromadepressivetoapersonwhohasfoundthehopeforlife.HischangereflectsHemingway’soptimisticattitude:

remainingagleamofhopeindespair.InAFarewelltoArms,thedeathofCatherine,meaningthelossoflovetoocruelafatefortheprotagonistHenrytostand,reflectsHemingway’spessimisticviewoflifeandhisdisappointmentatreality.ButHenryhaschangedfromamantreatinglifeasagametoatoughguyofdutywhocanfacehisheartbreakalone,whichshowsHemingway’spositiveviewoflife.InTheOldManandtheSea,HemingwayrevealshispositiveattitudetowardsfatethroughtheprotagonistSantiago’sunusualcourageandoptimismandrevealshispessimisticviewoflifethroughSantiago’sfailureandloneliness.ButHemingwayalsoleavesagleamofhope—Manolin.Theboywillbethenextchampionnottobedefeated.

Hemingway’scontradictoryattitudestowardsfatearefullydemonstratedintheprotagonists’fatesinhisworks.Theattitudesstemmedfromhisfamilybackground,hiscomplicatedlifeexperiencesandthesocialrealityinAmericaatthattime.

SowecannotsimplyseeHemingway’sattitudestowardslifeandfateaseitheroptimisticorpessimistic.Hisattitudesareparadoxical.Ontheonehand,headmiresunyieldingeffortsandbelievesinthestrengthofhumanbeings;ontheotherhand,herevealspessimisticattitudetowardslifethatnomatterhowhardonetries,hiseffortsareallfornaught.

Keywords:

Hemingway;Contradictoryattitudes;Towards;Fate

海明威对待命运的矛盾态度在其作品中的体现

摘要

通过对海明威著名的三部小说中主要人物进行分析可以看出海明威对待命运的矛盾态度。

《太阳照样升起》中的主人公杰克是不幸的，他的伤象征着残酷的命运以及海明威对待生活的悲观态度。

但是杰克改变了，从一个忧郁悲伤的人转变成为一个找到了生活的希望的人。

杰克的转变反映出海明威在绝望中保留一丝希望的乐观态度。

在《永别了,武器》中，凯瑟琳之死意味着爱情的失去，是主人公亨利难以承受的残酷命运。

它反映出海明威悲观的人生态度以及对现实的失望之情。

但是亨利从一个游戏人生的人转变为一个有责任感并独自承受巨大悲伤的硬汉。

亨利的转变显示出海明威积极的人生态度。

《老人与海》中主人公圣地亚哥非凡的勇气和乐观精神显示出海明威积极的人生态度，而圣地亚哥的失败和孤独则显示出海明威悲观的人生态度。

但海明威还是留下了一线希望—马洛林。

这个男孩将成为下一个不会被打败的胜利者。

海明威对待生活和命运的矛盾态度通过其作品中主人公的命运得到充分展现。

他的这一态度源于他的家庭背景,他复杂的人生经历和当时美国的社会现实。

所以，不能简单地认为海明威对待命运的态度是乐观的或者是悲观的。

他的态度是矛盾的。

一方面，海明威赞扬不屈不挠的努力，相信人类的奋斗精神；另一方面，他显露出悲观的人生态度，即无论怎样努力，一切都是徒劳。

关键词:

海明威；对待；命运；矛盾态度；

Contents

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………….….1

1.1AboutHemingway’sthreenovels……………………………………………….1

1.2Theprotagonists’fatesinthethreenovels……………………………………...1

2.AnanalysisofHemingway’sattitudestowardsfate…………………………….2

2.1AttitudestowardsfateinTheSunAlsoRises…………………………………..2

2.2AttitudestowardsfateinAfarewelltoArms…………………………………...4

2.3AttitudestowardsfateinTheOldManandtheSea……………………………6

2.4ThecausesofHemingway’scontradictoryattitudes……………………………8

3.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...10

Notes…………………………………………………………………………………10

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………11

Hemingway’sContradictoryAttitudesTowardsFate

MirroredinHisWorks

1.Introduction

1.1AboutHemingway’sthreenovels

EarnestHemingway,anAmericannovelistandshortstorywriter,wasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1954.HeisoneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury.Lotsofhisworksinvolvehisowncomplicatedlifeexperiences,includinghisparticipationofthetwoworldwarsandhisenthusiasmforfishing,hunting,bullfighting,etc.Theyarehisautobiographytoalargedegree.Hemingwayrevealshisowninnermostfeelings,includinghiscontradictoryattitudestowardslifeandfatethroughthecharacters’fatesinhisworks.

WiththepublicationofhisfirsttruenovelTheSunAlsoRisesin1926,HemingwaywasrecognizedasthespokesmanoftheLostGenerationandbecameaninternationalcelebrity.Thenovel,soldmorethanonemillioncopiesduringhislifetime,isaboutsomeexpatriateslivinginpostwarParis,whotrytoseekpsychicsolacebyeating,drinking,traveling,andlovemaking.In1929HemingwaypublishedAFarewelltoArms,anothernovelwithWorldWarⅠasitsbackground.IttellsofatragicwartimeloveaffairbetweenanambulancedriverandanEnglishnurse.Boththetwobooksreflectanentiregeneration,includingHemingwayhimself,ruinedbythewarphysicallyandmentally.Hislastmasterpiece,TheOldManandtheSeaprintedin1952,earnedhimthePulitzerPrizeinfictionfor1952,andwasinstrumentalinwinninghimtheNobelPrizetwoyearslater.ItisastoryofanoldCubanfisherman,downonhisluck,andhissupremeordeal—anagonizingbattlewithagiantmarlinonthesea.Thethreenovels,togetherwithForWhomtheBellTolls,arehismainmasterpieces,representinghisgreatachievementsinliterature.

MostprotagonistsinHemingway’sworkshavedistinctivecharacteristics,suchasbravery,strongwillandremaininggracefulunderpressure.Theyarewell-knownasHemingwayHero.Hemingway’sworksusuallyshareanexcitingtopicthathowatoughguybravesandexperienceshardshipscalmlyandgracefully.Butthoseprotagonistsalsorevealapessimisticviewoflifefromtimetotime.Fromthosevividimages’determinationaswellaspessimism,Hemingwayunfoldspeople’sgreatphysicalandmentalsufferinginacertaintimesandrevealshiscontradictoryattitudestowardslifeandfate.

1.2Theprotagonists’fatesinthethreenovels

TheprotagonistJakeinTheSunAlsoRisesisasymbolofdespair,loneliness,andmelancholy.HeisatypicalimagerepresentinganentiregenerationwhohavetornbyWorldWarⅠandaregrievingforthelossoftheirromanticidealism.Jakeisinjuredduringthesummerof1925inItaly,whichleadstohissexualdysfunction.Later,hefallsinlovewithBrettwholoveshim,too.Butbothofthemareawareoftheimpossibilityoftheirhavingalifetogether.Jakesuffersmorethananyotherpersoninthisbookphysicallyaswellasmentally,butfinallyhemanagestoseeksolacefromfishing,swimming,tennis,and,especially,bullfighting.Hefindstheringofbullfightingisanewworldonwhichhecanconcentratehisthoughtsandfeelings.Thebullfighters,togetherwiththerisingsunbringingwarmthandbrightnesstotheworld,symbolizehishopeforlife.

TheprotagonistHenryinAFarewelltoArmsalsorepresentstheentiregenerationruinedbyWorldWarⅠ.Hehasbeenchangedgreatlybyhisviolentwounding,fromamantreatinglifeandloveasagametoatoughguyofdutywhocanfacehisheartbreakaloneandcontinuehislifebravely.HeescapesfromthebattlefieldduringtheretreatandmanagestoarriveinSwitzerlandwithCatherine.Hebeginstounderstandthevalueofloveandenjoythetruelove.ButbeforelonghelosesallofthatwhenCatherinediesofadifficultlabor.

TheprotagonistSantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaisaclassicimageoftoughguyinHemingway’sworks.Santiago,anoldlonelyCubanfishermanwithunusualcourageandoptimism,hooksandfinallykillsagiantmarlinthroughdaysofpainstakingeffortsfaroutintheGulfStream.Buthiscaptureisalmosteatenupbythesharksduringthelongvoyagehome.

2.AnanalysisofHemingway’sattitudestowardsfate

2.1AttitudestowardsfateinTheSunAlsoRises

TheSunAlsoRisesisthefirstpublishedlongpieceoffictionwrittenbyHemingway.Thewholestoryisdominatedbyatragicanddepressingatmosphere.TheprotagonistJakerepresentsanentiregenerationruinedbyWorldWarⅠ.Helosesmorethanhedeservesinthewar,andevenworse,heisdisillusionedwithtraditionalAmericanvaluesofhardwork.HemeetsBrettwhoisanurse’saidwhenheisinjuredandsenttoahospitalinMilan.Theyfallinlove.ButwhenJakelearnsthatheisimpotent,theydecidetogotheirseparateways.Theyloveoneanother,buttheyfeelthereisnothingtheycandoaboutthecruelreality.Itispainfulanddestructiveforthemtobetogether.WhentheymeetinEnglandagain,theydiscoverthattheyarestillinlove.However,theirloveendsinmisery.

Jake’swoundisnotlife-threatening,butitistoocruelforanyonetobear.ItdeprivesJakeoftherightofbeinganormalman.Exceptgrievingforhismisfortuneandhislostlovealone,hecandonothingabouthiswound,whichactuallysymbolizestheunchangeableandterriblefate.HelosesmuchmoreduringthecelebrationinSpain,forhisloveandrespectforBretthavebeentarnished.Whatsustainedhimisgone.Undoubtedly,heisoneofthemostlonelyandtragiccharactersinHemingway’sworks.

BydescribingJake’ssufferinganddespair,HemingwayrevealshisownpainsandsorrowswhenhisidealismhasbeenruinedbyWorldWarⅠ.Afterthewar,people’sinterestonHemingway’sbraveryonthebattlefieldgraduallycooled,andHemingway,sufferingfromthewoundandtheterriblerecollectionofthewar,ledahumblelife.Heevencouldnothaveenoughmoneyforfood.Hispassionandidealismbeforeheparticipatedthewarhadturnedintodeepdisappointment,oreven,hatredtowardstherealityandsociety.Hefeltthathehadbeencheatedandeverythingwasalieandlife,dominatedbyfate,waspainfulandaimless.Peoplecouldnotchangetheirunfortunatefatesnomatterhowhardtheytried.TheonlythingtheycoulddowassufferingtheendlessmiserysilentlylikeJake.

ButitisanoversimplificationtoregardHemingwayasapessimistjustaccordingtothedescriptionofJake’smisfortune.Jakefinallymanagestolearnhowtomakealifeforhimself,seekingsolacefromhiswork,sports,swimming,bicycleracing,observingbox,fishing,andespecially,bullfigh