存货管理外文翻译.docx

存货管理外文翻译.docx

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存货管理外文翻译

存货管理【外文翻译】

外文翻译inventorymanagementMaterial

Source:

springlinkAuthor:

FloydD.Hedrick

“Inventory”tomanysmallbusinessownersisoneofthemorevisibleandtangibleaspectsofdoingbusiness.Rawmaterials,goodsinprocessandfinishedgoodsallrepresentvariousformsofinventory.EachtyperepresentsmoneyTiedupuntiltheinventoryleavesthecompanyaspurchasedproducts.Likewise,merchandisestocksinaretailstorecontributetoprofitsonlywhentheirsaleputsmoneyintothecashregister.Inaliteralsense,inventoryreferstostocksofanythingnecessarytodobusiness.Thesestocksrepresentalargeportionofthebusinessinvestmentandmustbewellmanagedinordertomaximizeprofits.Infact,manysmallbusinessescannotabsorbthetypesoflossesarisingfrompoorinventorymanagement.Unlessinventoriesarecontrolled,theyareunreliable,inefficientandcostly.

SUCCESSFULINVENTORYMANAGEMENT

Successfulinventorymanagementinvolvesbalancingthecostsofinventorywiththebenefitsofinventory.Manysmallbusinessownersfailtoappreciatefullythetruecostsofcarryinginventory,whichincludenotonlydirectcostsofstorage,insuranceandtaxes,butalsothecostofmoneytiedupininventory.Thisfinelinebetweenkeepingtoomuchinventoryandnotenoughisnotthemanager'sonlyconcern.Othersinclude:

Maintainingawideassortmentofstock--butnotspreadingtherapidlymovingonestoothin;Increasinginventoryturnover--butnotsacrificingtheservicelevel;Keepingstocklow--butnotsacrificingserviceorperformance.Obtaininglowerpricesbymakingvolumepurchases--butnotendingupwithslow-movinginventory;andhavinganadequateinventoryonhand--butnotgettingcaughtwithobsoleteitems.

Thedegreeofsuccessinaddressingtheseconcernsiseasiertogaugeforsomethanforothers.Forexample,computingtheinventoryturnoverratioisasimplemeasureofmanagerialperformance.Thisvaluegivesaroughguidelinebywhichmanagerscansetgoalsandevaluateperformance,butitmustberealizedthattheturnoverratevarieswiththefunctionofinventory,thetypeofbusinessandhowthe

ratioiscalculated（whetheronsalesorcostofgoodssold）.Averageinventoryturnoverratiosforindividualindustriescanbeobtainedfromtradeassociations.1THEPURCHASINGPLANOneofthemostimportantaspectsofinventorycontrolistohavetheitemsinstockatthemomenttheyareneeded.Thisincludesgoingintothemarkettobuythegoodsearlyenoughtoensuredeliveryatthepropertime.Thus,buyingrequiresadvanceplanningtodetermineinventoryneedsforeachtimeperiodandthenmakingthecommitmentswithoutprocrastination.

Forretailers,planningaheadisverycrucial.Sincetheyoffernewitemsforsalemonthsbeforetheactualcalendardateforthebeginningofthenewseason,itisimperativethatbuyingplansbeformulatedearlyenoughtoallowforintelligentbuyingwithoutanylastminutepanicpurchases.Themainreasonforthisearlyofferingforsaleofnewitemsisthattheretailerregardsthecalendardateforthebeginningofthenewseasonasthemerchandisedatefortheendoftheoldseason.

Forexample,manyretailersviewMarch21astheendofthespringseason,June21astheendofsummerandDecember21astheendofwinter.

Partofyourpurchasingplanmustincludeaccountingforthedepletionoftheinventory.Beforeadecisioncanbemadeastothelevelofinventorytoorder,youmustdeterminehowlongtheinventoryyouhaveinstockwilllast.

Forinstance,aretailfirmmustformulateaplantoensurethesaleofthegreatestnumberofunits.Likewise,amanufacturingbusinessmustformulateaplantoensureenoughinventoryisonhandforproductionofafinishedproduct.

Insummary,thepurchasingplandetail:

Whencommitmentsshouldbeplaced;

Whenthefirstdeliveryshouldbereceived;Whentheinventoryshouldbepeaked;

Whenreordersshouldnolongerbeplaced;andWhentheitemshouldnolongerbeinstock.

Wellplannedpurchasesaffecttheprice,deliveryandavailabilityofproductsforsale.

CONTROLLINGYOURINVENTORY

Tomaintainanin-stockpositionofwanteditemsandtodisposeofunwanted

items,itisnecessarytoestablishadequatecontrolsoverinventoryonorderandinventoryinstock.Thereareseveralprovenmethodsforinventorycontrol.Theyarelistedbelow,fromsimplesttomostcomplex.Visualcontrolenablesthemanagertoexaminetheinventoryvisuallytodetermineifadditionalinventoryisrequired.Inverysmallbusinesseswherethismethodisused,recordsmaynotbeneededatalloronlyforslowmovingorexpensiveitems.Ticklercontrolenablesthemanagerto2physicallycountasmallportionoftheinventoryeachdaysothateachsegmentoftheinventoryiscountedeverysomanydaysonaregularbasis.Clicksheetcontrolenablesthemanagertorecordtheitemasitisusedonasheetofpaper.Suchinformationisthenusedforreorderpurposes.Stubcontrol（usedbyretailers）enablesthemanagertoretainaportionofthepriceticketwhentheitemissold.Themanagercanthenusethestubtorecordtheitemthatwassold.

Asabusinessgrows,itmayfindaneedforamoresophisticatedandtechnicalformofinventorycontrol.Today,theuseofcomputersystemstocontrolinventoryisfarmorefeasibleforsmallbusinessthaneverbefore,boththroughthewidespreadexistenceofcomputerserviceorganizationsandthedecreasingcostofsmall-sizedcomputers.Oftenthejustificationforsuchacomputer-basedsystemisenhancedbythefactthatcompanyaccountingandbillingprocedurescanalsobehandledonthecomputer.

Point-of-saleterminalsrelayinformationoneachitemusedorsold.Themanagerreceivesinformationprintoutsatregularintervalsforreviewandaction.

Off-linepoint-of-saleterminalsrelayinformationdirectlytothesupplier'scomputerwhousestheinformationtoshipadditionalitemsautomaticallytothebuyer/inventorymanager.

Thefinalmethodforinventorycontrolisdonebyanoutsideagency.Amanufacturer'srepresentativevisitsthelargeretaileronascheduledbasis,takesthestockcountandwritesthereorder.Unwantedmerchandiseisremovedfromstockandreturnedtothemanufacturerthroughapredetermined,authorizedprocedure.

Aprincipalgoalformanyofthemethodsdescribedaboveistodeterminetheminimumpossibleannualcostoforderingandstockingeachitem.Twomajorcontrol

valuesareused:

1）theorderquantity,thatis,thesizeandfrequencyoforder;and2）thereorderpoint,thatis,theminimumstocklevelatwhichadditionalquantitiesareordered.TheEconomicOrderQuantity（EOQ）formulaisonewidelyusedmethodofcomputingtheminimumannualcostfororderingandstockingeachitem.TheEOQcomputationtakesintoaccountthecostofplacinganorder,theannualsalesrate,theunitcost,andthecostofcarryinginventory.ManybooksonmanagementpracticesdescribetheEOQmodelindetail.

DEVELOPMENTSININVENTORYMANAGEMENT

Inrecentyears,twoapproacheshavehadamajorimpactoninventorymanagement:

MaterialRequirementsPlanning（MRP）andJust-In-Time（JITand3Kanban）.Theirapplicationisprimarilywithinmanufacturingbutsuppliersmightfindnewrequirementsplacedonthemandsometimesbuyersofmanufactureditemswillexperienceadifferenceindelivery.

Materialrequirementsplanningisbasicallyaninformationsysteminwhichsalesareconverteddirectlyintoloadsonthefacilitybysub-unitandtimeperiod.Materialsarescheduledmoreclosely,therebyreducinginventories,anddeliverytimesbecomeshorterandmorepredictable.Itsprimaryuseiswithproductscomposedofmanycomponents.MRPsystemsarepracticalforsmallerfirms.Thecomputersystemisonlyonepartofthetotalprojectwhichisusuallylong-term,takingonetothreeyearstodevelop.

Just-in-timeinventorymanagementisanapproachwhichworkstoeliminateinventoriesratherthanoptimizethem.Theinventoryofrawmaterialsandwork-in-processfallstothatneededinasingleday.Thisisaccomplishedbyreducingset-uptimesandleadtimessothatsmalllotsmaybeordered.Suppliersmayhavetomakeseveraldeliveriesadayormoveclosetotheuserplantstosupportthisplan.TIPSFORBETTERINVENTORYMANAGEMENT

Attimeofdelivery.Verifycount--Makesureyouarereceivingasmanycartonsasarelistedonthedeliveryreceipt.Carefullyexamineeachcartonforvisibledamage--Ifdamageisvisible,noteitonthedeliveryreceiptandhavethedriversignyourcopy.Afterdelivery,immediatelyopenallcartonsandinspectformerchandisedamage.

Whendamageisdiscovered:

Retaindamageditems--Alldamagedmaterialsmustbeheldatthepointreceived.Callcarriertoreportdamageandrequestinspection.Confirmcallinwriting--Thisisnotmandatorybutitisonewaytoprotectyourself.

Carrierinspectionofdamageditems.Havealldamageditemsinthereceivingarea--Makecertainthedamageditemshavenotmovedfromthereceivingareapriortoinspectionbycarrier.Aftercarrier/inspectorpreparesdamagereport,carefullyreadbeforesigning.

Afterinspection:

Keepdamagedmaterials—Damagedmaterialsshouldnotbe

usedordisposedofwithoutpermissionbythecarrier.Donotreturndamageditemswithoutwrittenauthorizationfromshipper/supplier.

SPECIALTIPSFORMANUFACTURERS

Ifyouareinthebusinessofbidding,specificationsplayaveryimportantrole.In4writingspecifications,thefollowingelementsshouldbeconsidered.Donotrequestfeaturesorqualitythatarenotnecessaryfortheitems'intendeduse.Includefulldescriptionsofanytestingtobeperformed.Includeproceduresforaddingoptionalitems.Describ