英语语法专题复习--介词.doc
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语法—介词
介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一定成分。
介词分为:
1、简单介词,如at,in,for等;
2、合成介词,如within,inside,onto,throughout等;
3、短语介词,如accordingto,outof,becauseof,bymeansof,inspiteof,insteadof等;
4、双重介词,如frombehind/above/under,untilafter等;5、分词介词,如considering,including,judging(from/by)等。
一、方位介词
1.above,over,on;below,under,beneath
(1)above______________________________________,其反义词是________________。
(2)over______________________________________,其反义词是________________。
(3)on______________________________________,其反义词是________________。
Aplaneisflying________________themountain.
有一架飞机在山的上方飞。
Thereisabridge________________theriver.
河上有一座桥。
Thereisalamp________________thedesk.
书桌上有一个台灯。
Fromthehill,wecanseeariver________________us.
从这座小山上,我们能看见下面的一条河。
Thereisacat________________thechair.
椅子底下有一只猫。
2.across,over,through,past
across意为“_______________________”,表示______________________________。
over意为“________________”,表示_____________________________________。
through意为“______________”,表示_____________________________________。
past意为“_______________”,表示_____________________________________。
TheGreatWallwindsitsway________westtoeast,________desert,_____________mountains,________________valleystillatlastitreachesthesea.
3.in,on,to,off在方位名词前的区别
in表示____________________;to表示____________________
;on表示____________________。
Off表示____________________
ShandongProvinceis/lies_________theeastofChina.
Japanis/lies_________theeastofChina.
ThePacificOceanis_________theeastofChina.
Helivesinavillagealittleway____themainroad.
at、on、in
at____________________atthedoor,attheairport,atthestation,at55ParkStreet,
in____________________inChina,inthenorth,inAsia,
on____________________onthedesk,onthewall
二、时间介词
表示_________________________________________________,一般用介词in,如:
inthe1990s,intheyear,inJanuary,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,inthefirstweekofMay。
还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。
如:
inawhile,innotime,inthedaytime,inashortwhile,intime,inthemorning(afternoon,evening)。
注意:
①atnight/atnoon,intheday(在白天),inthenight(在夜间)。
②infivedays(weeks,months,years)中in意思是“_________________”。
在_____________________________________,常用on。
onSunday(s),onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(但atChristmas),onChristmasEve,
onMarch8,onthemorning(afternoon,evening)ofOct.1onarainynight,onwarmwinterdays
earlyonthemorningofOct.1(区别:
inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)
表示________________________________用at,如小时、分钟等。
atbreakfast(supper,lunch),atsixatnoon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)
attheageof15,atthetimeofwar(但intimeofdanger/trouble)
注意:
有些时间名词前不接介词。
nextday,lastSunday,thatmorning,theseyears.one,each,any,every,some,all修饰时,一般不用介词,如someday,oneday,allafternoon。
till,until的用法:
till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。
Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.
Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.(不可用to).
注意:
在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。
Notuntil9amdidMr.Smithcomebacktoschool.
in,later,after,by
in+一段时间:
表示____________,与______________时连用;但表示“______________”时,用于各种时态。
一段时间+later:
_______________________
after+时间:
_______________________
by+一段时间:
_______________________(注意:
bytheendof+过去时间\将来时间)
Iwillfinishtheworkinthreedays(=afterthreedays/threedayslater).
Helefthometwodayslater\aftertwodays.(过去时间)
Iwillhavefinishedtheworkbytheendoftomorrow.
Ihadfinishedtheworkbytheendofyesterday.
另外,in+一段时间+’s+time与within+一段时间的用法如下:
inaweek’stime=inaweek
Theywillarriveinthreedays’time.(与将来时连用)
Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表语)
I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within=inlessthan...用于各种时态,意为“不超出,在……之内”)
2.for,from,since
for__________________________________________________。
from__________________________________________________。
since___________________________________________________________________________。
Mr.Brownenjoyedthecountrylifeandlivedthere______almostfifteenyearsafterhisretirement.
Myyoungersisterbegantolearndancing_____theageoffive.
HehasbeenworkinginTibet_____hegraduatedfromcollege.
三、工具、手段、方式介词
1.by,in,on三词都表示旅行的方式。
bysea,bywater,bylandbybike,byplane,byship\boatbyspaceship
名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用on/in。
traveltoNewYorkinthisplane;gotoschoolonmybike
【说明】步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。
onfoot,onhorseback,onahorse,onthecamel
2、表示方式、手段、工具的介词
①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天。
如:
Herentahousebytheyear(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称,但tothepound按磅算,totheton按吨计)。
②表泛指的方式、手段
bypost/mail邮寄,bytelephone(radio)(但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV),byelectricity用电,bymachinery用电器,byhardwork,learnsth.byheart,throughthesatellite,throughpractice,throughhisownefforts,throughexperience,throughthetelescope
另外:
bymeansof用……方法,bywayof经由,取道于;用……方法,withthehelp(permission)ofsb./withsb.’shelp(permission)。
③表方式、手段的其他用法
Hebeatthedogwithastick.(with+工具/机器)
Onesmellswithhisnose.(with+人体器官,但byhand手工,用手)
Hestoodupwithpride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)
注意:
使用语言、材料、文字等用in。
如:
inEnglish(ink,pencil)。
另外如:
inhigh(good,low)spirits,inanger,injoy,incomfort,insorrow,insafety,indanger,inneed,indebt,inlove,infun,inpain,intears,insurprise,ingood(poor)health,ingoodorder,inflower,inaway,inalowvoice,insilence,in(with)satisfaction,inahurry,in(with)words,live/feedonfood,kneelonone’sknee,take(catch)sb.bysurprise(出其不意)
四、表示“除……之外”的常用词
①besides除……以外(还有)。
作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。
WellallwenttothecinemabesidesShaw.
Itwastoolatetoseeafilm,andbesides,Iwastired.
②except除去,除……之外(不再有)。
WeallwentexceptJohn.
在否定句中,两词可以换用。
Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.
③exceptfor除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明),后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与“exceptthat+句子”意思相同。
Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.
④exceptthat...除了……一点以外。
Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.
⑤but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:
(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。
Allbutonearehere.
NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.
(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。
Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do,后省to)
(C)but与一些固定结构连用。
havenochoicebuttodosth._______________________,cannotbutdosth.__________________,
cannothelpbutdosth.________________________,butfor..._____________________
五、between与among
between通常指两者之间,也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。
AnnisbetweenTomandBill.
SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance,Germany,AustraliaandItaly.
Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同,合作)
Shewasbusybetweencooking,washing,sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接连不断地,一个接一个地忙这忙那)
Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.
among表示三者以上之间。
Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.
Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.
Wemustagreeamongourselves.(一起,共同)
Londonisamongthelargestcities.(=oneof与最高级连用)
六、表示原因的介词及短语
主要有:
for,since,with,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,owingto(还有as,because这两者为连词)because\since\as\for
dueto___________________________________________________
becauseof___________________________________________________
owingto___________________________________________________
thanksto___________________________________________________
Hegotuplatethismorning___________________hestayeduplastnight.
1、ThesportsmeetwillbeputofftillnextSaturday_____________theheavyrain.
2、_______________________theheavyrain,ThesportsmeetwillbeputofftillnextSaturday
3、Hisillnesswas___________________smokinganddrinking.
4、__________________theParty’sgoodpolicy,thefarmersarenowlivingahappyandrichlife.
一、单句填空请填入一个适当的词。
灵活运用
1.So,Ijustlookedather_____aquestioningexpressiononmyface.
2.Duringthewinter,theyremindthemselves,“Thiswon’tlastlong;we’llsoonbeoutofhere.”And____thefirstwarmday,theantsareout.
3.Thenewboylookedattheteacher____afewsecondsandalltheotherstudentswonderedwhattheboywoulddo.
4.Ididn’twanttobelaughedatfortalkingtohimbutIdidn’tlikeleavinghim____hisowneither.
5.Histeachertookadeepdrinkandthankedhisstudentverymuchforthesweetwater.Theyoungmanwenthome_____ahappyheart.
6.Janestoppedwhereasmallcrowdofmenhadgathered.Shefoundsomegoodqualitypipes____sale.
7.WhenJanegothome,withhersmallbutwell-chosenpresentinherbag,herparentswerealready___tablehavingsupper.
8.Hewasverytired__________doingthisforawholeday.
9.Irealizedthatthevillagerswhohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingastowhoshouldhavethehonourofreceivingme___aguestintheirhouse.
10.Whenthetimecameformetosaygoodbyetomyfriendsinthevillage,Iwantedtorewardtheoldwoman___thetroubleIhadcausedher.
11.IoncetookawalkalongthestreetonaSaturdaydusk,_____aPepsicaninmyhand.
12.Weshouldtakesomemeasurestofight_______pollution.
13.Duringonevisit___thePacificislandsofTonga,aspecially-prepareddinnerwasarrangedinherhonor.
14.We’dbetterdiscusseverything____detailbeforeweworkouttheplan.
15.Tryonthisredskirt;youwilllookgreat___it.
二、语篇填空
Mr.Brownwasgoingaway1_____aweek.Beforeheleft,hesaidtohisson,“Ifanyoneasks2______me,youcantellhimthatyourfatherhasbeenout3____doingsomething,andwillbeback4_____aweek,thenbesuretoaskhimtositdown5______acupoftea.”“OK,Dad,”saidhisson.Buthewasafraidhissoncouldn’trememberthis,hewrotethesewordsdown6_____apieceofpaperandgaveit7_____him.Hissonputit8_____hissmallpocket,tookitoutandlooked9_____iteverynowandthen.Fourdayspassed,