高考英语阅读解题技巧指导.docx
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高考英语阅读解题技巧指导
2019年
高考英语阅读解题技巧指导
（名师精讲解题技巧与方法+专项练习，值得下载打印练习）
一、考点分析
1、选材：
高考阅读理解题选材，一般遵循三个原则：
1）文章一般为3篇，阅读量在1100单词左右；
2）题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；
3）体裁多样，包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、议论文、应用文等。
2、体材特点：
体裁
文体特点
解题注意
说明文
1.解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系；
2.首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象
1.说明文的总体结构通常为三部分：
说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；
2.常见的说明方法：
定义与诠释说明；举例与引用说明；分类与图表说明；比较与比喻说明；分析与综合说明；
3.说明文阅读材料通常介绍最新科技、重大成就、生活时尚、流行现象等
议论文
1.三段式-“论点、论据、结论”：
借助某一现象引出论点——通过一定论据加以推理论证——得出结论;
2.论证方式/结构:
总分式；并列式；递进式；对照式（把两种事物加以对比，以彰显其中一种）
1.采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。
2.作者的论点通常在首段被引出。
在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。
把握全文论点、弄清各段主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。
应用文
属实用型文体，如书信、通知、日记、广告等
1.注意文中具体细节的把握与理解，弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容;
2.采取速读与精读相结合的方法，力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容
记叙文
1.往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语;
2.设题大多以细节理解为主
1.往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语；
2.文章主旨要透过体察所揭示的人物、事件来进行提炼；
3.采取略读和扫读的方法，快速抓住文中描写的主要内容
描写文
通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质
1.迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；2.围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。
3、设题形式：
题型有词义猜测题、细节理解题、推理判断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。
题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。
本节课先学习主旨大意题的答题技巧：
二、专题详解
这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。
主旨大意题常见题干：
标题类：
a.Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe____.
b.Thetext（passage）couldbeentitled.
c.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
d.Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?
标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。
它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。
要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。
不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。
即:
1、独特新颖 2、概括性强3、短小精炼。
大意类：
a.Thispassagemainlydealswith____.
b.What’sthetopicofthearticle?
c.Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?
d.Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?
这类题要求考生用最简洁而又内涵丰富的词或短语高度概括文章的中心思想。
应先找到主题句，对主题句进行分析，也许就能找到最佳答案。
而主题句通常都在段首或段末，有时是疑问句或简单句，且具有语法上的独立性。
关键词有“inshort”、“inmyopinion”、“thatis”、“therefore”、“infact”等。
如：
（一）
Inthe1930s,alotofpeopleintheUSAwereoutofwork.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.Healwayshadaninterestinwordgamesandtofillhistimeheplannedagamewhichhecalled“Lexico”.However,hewasnotcompletelysatisfiedwiththegame,sohemadeanumberofchangestoitandchangeditsnamefrom“Lexico”to“Alph”andthento“CrissCross”.Hewantedtomakesomemoneyfromhisnewgamebuthedidn’thaveanyrealcommercial（商业性的）success.
Q:
Thetextismainlyabout________.
A.Lexico B.Threemen C.Awordgame D.AlfredButts.
【解题思路】答案A和C以偏概全。
因此此题的正确答案应为D。
（二）
JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.
Q:
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.
C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.
【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。
全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节（detail）性的事实。
就答案本身看，个个都对。
只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，构成一个没有言明的主题思想（unstatedmainidea）。
由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：
JoshuaBingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是Ｃ。
目的类：
a.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageis______.
b.Thepassageismeantto_____
c.Thepurposeofthisarticleis_______.
主题句的呈现方式
文首文尾文中无主题句
练习
初级：
.找出下列短文的主题句
A
Todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious.Theworldpopulationisrising,soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded.Weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals.Ifwecontinuetodothis,humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive.
B
Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.
C
Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightinadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhandacamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.
.Choosethebestanswer
JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.
●Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
（C）
A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.
B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.
C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.
D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.
中级:
ArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinctspecies.ThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvarduniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephants—theAsianelephant,AfricanforestelephantandAfricansavanna（热带草原）elephant.
OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences（序列）fromtwofossils，mammothsandmastodons，theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.
ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantsandtheAfricanforestelephantshavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.TheseparationofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeoftheseparationofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.
Therehaslongbeenadebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespeciesbutthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.
Previously,manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespeciesdespitetheelephants’significantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2.5metres.Thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons,roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.However,theprooflayintheanalysisoftheDNA.
AlfredRoca,assistantprofessorinthedepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofMinois,said,“Wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservation（保护）purpose.Since1950allAfricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriorityforconservationpurpose.”
72.AlfredRoca’swordsweremainlyabout________.（B）
A.thepurposeofstudyingAfricanelephants
B.theconservationofAfricanelephants
C.thewaytodivideAfricanelephantsintotwounits
D.thereasonforthedistinctionofAfricanelephants
73.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
（C）
A.Naturalist’sBeliefaboutElephants.
B.AmazingExperimentaboutElephants.
C.AnUnexpectedFindingaboutElephants.
D.ALongscientificDebateaboutElephants.
高级：
Youknowthefeelingsofoperatingonautopilot,runningfromonemeetingtothenext--orskippingfromoneemaildistractiontoanother.
Beforeyouknowit,themonthhaspassed,theseasonhaschangedandyou'releftscratchingyourhead,wonderinghowtobringmeaningbacktoyourcareerandlife.
KoryKogon,FranklinCoveyproductivityexpertandco-authorofThe5ChoicestoExtraordinaryProductivity,saystheproblemiswidespread.Infact,aninternationalsix-yearstudybyFranklinCoveyfoundthat40percentofrespondentsindicatedtheyspent40percentoftheirtimeonthingsthatwere"notimportant"tothemortotheircompanies.
Basedonthetimelessprinciplesofhumanproductivityandbackedbythelatestneuroscience（神经系统科学）research,Kogon'sco-authoredbookaimstohelppeopleincreaseproductivityatworkandintheirpersonallivesbymakingwisechoicesonadailybasis.
"Ourattentionisunderattack,andpeoplefeeloverburdenedlikeneverbefore,"Kogonsays.
Kogonsaystheconditionisthatpeoplelivewiththeeffectsofaproductivityparadox（悖论）.Technologyhasleftindividualsfeelingoverburdenedwiththenumberofdecisionstheymustmakeduringtheday,thenumberoftasksthatrequiretheirattentionandthedrainoftheirpersonalenergy.
AdamMerril,anotherco-authorofThe5Choices,saysthatthebookresearchmadehimmuchmoreawareofhowthesechallengesmakeharmfulimpactonindividuals.
"Youcanseethecostofthisonourdailylives,onourrelationshipsthathavenotbeencultivatedandonourgoalsthathavenotbeenmet,"Merrilsays.Peoplewastetime,attentionandenergyonthingsthatdon'tdrivethemostimportantresults.
Beforejumpingintothespecificchoices,it'simportanttonotethatthebookbuildsontheFranklinCoveyprinciplesoftimemanagement,specificallytheideaoffittingactivitiesintoquadrants（象限）basedonwhat'surgent,noturgent,importantandnotimportant.
Quadrant2,thehomeofactivitiesthatareimportantbutnoturgent,isseenastheplaceofextraordinaryproductivity.Kogonsaysit'sinthisquadrantthatyoucanfocusondoingproactive（积极主动的）work,achievinghigh-impactgoals,creativethinking,
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