英美文学及作文Word文档下载推荐.docx

英美文学及作文Word文档下载推荐.docx

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因为，在拥挤状态中，人们相互接触、干扰，肌肉会异常紧张，极易引起精神疲劳，导致内脏功能失调，使人头昏眼花、食欲减退、肌肉发僵、关节不适、心率加快等。

统计显示，都市人的高血压、心脏病、神经衰弱和精神疾病的发病率都高于乡村居民。

3原因介绍

首先，从社会致病因素来说，拥挤造成的环境污染、噪音和交通不畅等，使得疾病容易传播，头脑容易发胀，性情容易急躁，也容易造成疲劳、心悸、胸闷，甚至呼吸不畅之感。

其次，从心理致病因素来说，长期处在拥挤环境下生活的人们，由于高度的紧张与焦虑不安，容易导致心理状态失衡。

一个典型的例子便是为什么有人在拥挤的车上火气大，常为一点小事而争吵，甚至动手动脚。

其实，这正是由于拥挤使人们大脑皮层调节功能紊乱，进而出现心理障碍，易产生异常兴奋感的结果，若有不慎便一触即发。

再其次，从生物致病因素来说，拥挤情况下既可因人多而杂，空气中混杂各种细菌与病毒；

又可因人的热量积累而不易发散，造成环境温度升高，有利于细菌与病毒活力增强，这样细菌与病毒便容易侵入人体，造成疾病传播或流行。

"

Citycongestionsyndrome"

isreferstothecitywherebuildingsnexttoaresidentialbuildings,crowdedmarket,shops,evenpeople’sdailylifeinyourtouchIhit,alleveryhourandmomentnotonlystimulateurbanpeople'

svisualnerve,butalsobringspsychologicalandphysiologicaleffects.Somepeopleattributedittothe"

citycongestionsyndrome"

.

Seeingthecitycongestionsyndromemultipleenvironmentpalpitation,irritability.Seeingthewaytheyfeeltired,jostleoneanotherontheway.Because,inthecrowdedconditions,peoplecomeintocontactwitheachother,interference,musclewillbeextremelynervous,extremelyeasytocausementalfatigue,leadtovisceralfunctiondisorder,causedizziness,lossofappetite,musclestiffness,jointdiscomfort,heartrate,etc..Statisticshows,cityofhypertension,heartdisease,neurastheniaandmentaldiseasemorbidityarehigherthanthoseofruralresidents.

Firstofall,fromthesocialfactors,congestioncausedbyenvironmentalpollution,noiseandtrafficimpeded,thediseaseislikelytospread,themindeasilyswell,tempereasilyirritable,alsoeasytocausefatigue,palpitations,chesttightness,shortnessofbreathfeelingeven.Secondly,fromthepsychologicalfactors,thelong-terminthecrowdedlivingenvironment,duetothetensionandanxietyhighanxiety,easilyleadtopsychologicalimbalance.Anexampleofthisiswhypeopleinthecrowdedcartemper,oftenforalittleovertrifles,even.

Infact,thisisbecauseofthecrowdedpeopleregulatingpalliumfunctionisdisorder,andmentaldisorder,abnormalexcitementresults,ifcarelesswillbetriggeredatanymoment.

Secondly,fromthebiologicalpathogenicfactors,crowdedcircumstancescanbeduetomorecomplex,theairmixtureofbacteriaandviruses;

andbecauseoftheheataccumulationandhardtospread,causedbyenvironmentaltemperature,isconducivetotheenhancementoftheactivityofbacteriaandviruses,resultedinbacteriaandvirusthatiseasytoinvadethebody,causingthespreadofdiseaseorpop.

Themassproductionofautomobiles

Thetraditionalexampleofmassproductionistheautomobileindustry,whichhascontinuedtorefinethebasicprinciplesoriginallylaiddownbyHenryFordandotherpioneersofmassproductiontechniques.Today’sautomobileistheresultofalargenumberofmassproductionlinesestablishedinamultitudeofmanufacturingandassemblyfacilitiesthroughouttheworld.Theassemblyplantfromwhichthefinishedautomobileemergesisonlythefinalelementofamassproductionoperationthat,formanycompanies,includesplantsinseveraldifferentcountries.Intothefinalassemblyplantflowlargesubassembliessuchastheautomobilechassis,theengine,majorbodycomponentssuchasdoors,panels,upholsteredseats,andmanyelectronic,electrical,andhydraulicsystemssuchasbrakes,lightingsystems,andsoundsystems.Eachofthese,inturn,isusuallytheproductofamassproductionlineinanotherfactory.Stampingplantsspecializeinproducingtheformedmetalpartsthatconstitutethebodyoftheautomobile.Radioassemblyplants,inturn,dependuponotherassemblyplantsforcomponentssuchastransistorsandintegratedcircuits.Thereareglassplantsforwindows,transmissionplants,tireplants,andmanyothers,eachspecializinginTrafficproblemsinbigcities.

Inlastfewyearsthepopulationoftheworldisincreasingdaybydayandpeoplearefacingtrafficproblemsinbigcities.

Unfortunatelywehavelittleroadsenseandperhaps,norespectforthetrafficrules.Thisfacthasalsoaddedtoroadmiss-haps.Therefore,thisisthedutyofeverycitizentothinkoverthecausesoftrafficaccidentsandhelptheadministrationinsolvingtheproblem.

Nodoubt,badroadsarethemaincauseoftrafficaccidents,almostallthebigroadsofourcitieswerebuiltwhenthetrafficwasverylight.Butafterthecreationthepopulationofthesecitiesincreasedwithagreatspeed.Asourroadsareverynarrowfortrafficwhichisalmostdoubletheircapacity,accidentshavebecomeverycommon.Thus,themiserableconditionofroadsisthemaincauseofroadaccidents.Anothercauseoftrafficaccidentisrushdrivingoftrucksandotherheavyvehicles,sometimestechnicaldefeatsinthemachineryalsocauseaccidents,andmanylivesarelost.

Allthesecausesofroadaccidentsmaybecheckedbygoodadministrationandcarefulplanning.Ifwewanttosolvetheproblemoftrafficaccidentsinourcities,weshouldseethatourroadsarewidenedandre-surfacedassoonaspossible.Aregularcampaignshouldbetaughtwiththehelpofradio,cinema,newspaperandtelevision.

Ourtrafficpoliceshouldalsokeepregularcheckonthespeedofmotorvehicles,andthelicensingdepartmentshouldbeabitstricterwhileissuingdrivinglicenses.Thisisalsoimportantthattheownersofallsortsofmotorvehiclesshouldbecompelledtogettheirenginescheckedatleastonceayear;

Defaultersshouldbeseverelydealtwith.Somepeoplebelievethatthepresentpunishmentforroadaccidentsisnotsosevereasitshouldalsobereviewedandamended.Thisstepwouldmakethedriversmorecareful.

Moreover,inmosturbanareas,emissionsfromincreasingnumberofautomobilesareamajor..

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//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crisis

1.GeoffreyChaucer.

Chaucer,Geoffrey（1343-1400）,oneofthegreatestEnglishpoets,whosemasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,wasoneofthemostimportantinfluencesonthedevelopmentofEnglishliterature.HislifeisknownprimarilythroughrecordspertainingtohiscareerasacourtierandcivilservantundertheEnglishkingsEdwardIIIandRichardII.

ChaucerisanEnglishpoetbestlovedafterShakespeareforhiswisdom,humor,andhumanity.HegreatlyincreasedtheprestigeofEnglishasaliterarylanguageandextendedtherangeofitspoeticvocabularyandmeters.HewasthefirstEnglishpoettousetheseven-linestanzainiambicpentameterknownasrhymeroyalandthecoupletlatercalledheroic.

PoeticStyle:

Chaucer’spoetryisplainlynarrative.Everythingisbasedonreality.Chaucer’slanguage,nowcalledMiddleEnglish,isvividandexact.Heisamasterofword–pictures.HisverseisamongthesmoothestinEnglish.HardlyasinglewordwillofferdifficultiestoamanofsufficientreadinginmodernEnglish.Repetitionwithvariationisredundant.

2.WilliamShakespeare.

Shakespeare,William（1564-1616）,Englishplaywrightandpoet,recognizedinmuchoftheworldasthegreatestofalldramatists.Shakespeareisoneofthefounderofrealisminworldliterature.Heisagainstreligiouspersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofgoldandmoney.Hisliteratureisacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andreflectsnatureandreality.Hecanwriteskillfullyindifferentpoeticforms,likethesonnet,theblankverse,andtherhymedcouplet.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabularyandidiom.Inhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth.

Merits:

　　1）Therealisticattitudeinliterarycreation:

Shakespearemakescommentondramaticperformance.Itspurpose,hemaintains,is“tohold,asitwere,themirrortoptonature;

toshowvirtueherownfeature,scornherownimage,andtheveryageandbodyofthetimehisformandpressure

　　2）Thecomplexitiesandimplicationsofthereallife:

giveaworldoffull–bloodpeople.Notwofiguresareidentified.

　　3）Theexpertinpoeticforms:

Shakespearewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:

thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse.Hewasespeciallyathomewiththeblankverse.

　　4）ShakespeareisagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.HecommandedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriter.Heusedabout16,000words.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedversionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreattreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage.

　　5）ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitofEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover.

FreedofmanyoftheconventionsandrulesofmodernEnglish,Shakespearecouldshapevocabularyandsyntaxtothedemandsofstyle.Itgavehislanguageanextraordinaryplasticity,whichenabledhimtocreatethelargenumberofuniqueandmemorablecharactershehasleftus.Shakespearemadeeachcharactersingularbyadistinctiveandcharacteristicsetofspeechhabits.

KeyWords:

blankverse,sonnet,therhymedcouplet

3.JohnDonne

Donne,John（1572-1631）,Englishpoet,prosewriter,andclergyman,consideredthegreatestofthemetaphysicalpoetsandoneofthegreatestwritersoflovepoetry.

Donne'

spoetryinvolvesacertainkindofargument,sometimesinrigidsyllogisticform.Inhispoetry,Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,i.e.extendedmetaphorsinvolvingdramaticcontrasts.

spoemsarecharacterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.Inallofhispoemsthereisamystery.Theyareuneven,startlingandfantastic.Hethrewstyleandallliterarystandardstothewinds.

ThepoetryofDonneischaracterizedbycompleximageryandirregularityoff