虚拟语气.docx

虚拟语气.docx

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虚拟语气

虚拟  语  气自主学习材料

王培同

1.英语中的三种语气

  英语共有三种语气，陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

陈述语气用来讲述事实，有肯定、否定、询问和感叹等形式，谓语动词有人称、时态和数的变化；祈使语气用于提出请求、建议、劝告、命令和警告等，以动词原形起句，否定式句前加Don’t；虚拟语气表示说话人所言内容不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令或猜测，有时只是说话者的主观愿望，或表达他/她的强烈情感，谓语动词用特殊形式。

2.非真实条件句的虚拟语气

条件从句

主句

过去

haddone

would/should/might/could/oughttohavedone

现在

did（be用were）

would/should/might/could/oughttodo

将来

1、did

2、shoulddo

3、weretodo

would/should/might/could/oughttodo

  巧计主句中五个虚拟引导词：

MSCOW（奶牛女士）：

might,should,could,oughtto,would

2.1.与过去事实相反

1）.IfIhadhadmuchmoneyatthattime,Iwouldhaveboughtyouwhatyouwant.

2）.Ifyouhadbeenmorecareful,themistakemighthavebeenavoided.

3）.Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.

4）.Wewouldn’thavesucceededifithadnotbeenfortheirhelp.

5）.Ifyouhadbeenhereyesterday,youwouldhavemetthefilmstar.

6）.IfIhadknownmoreaboutgivingfirstaid,Icouldhavehelpedthem.

7）.Ifyouhadgotupearlier,youwouldhavecaughtthetrain.

8）.Ifwehadhadenoughrainlastyear,wecouldhavegainedagoodharvest.

9）.Ifyouhadworkedalittleharder,youcouldhavepassedthefinalexamination.

10）.Iftheyhadinvitedhertotheparty,shewouldhaveattendedit.

2.2.与现在事实相反

1）.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgothereatonce.

2）.Ifmyclassmateswerehere,theywouldhelpme.

3）.IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptethejob.

4）.Ifclassesweresmaller,childrenwouldlearnmore.

5）.IfIweretenyearsyounger,Iwouldstartalloveragain.

6）.IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyalargehouse.

7）.IfIhadtime,Iwouldgoshoppingwithyou.

8）.IfIknewalltheanswerstoallyourquestions,Iwouldbeagenius.

9）.Ifhewereherenow,wewouldaskhimaboutit.

10）.IfIhadtime,IwouldstudyFrench.

11）.IfIknewhernumber,Icouldringher.（可惜我不知道）

12）.Iftherewerenogravity,weshouldnotbeabletowalk.（实际上地球引力始终存在。

）

13）.IfIknewtheanswer,Iwouldtellyou.（实际上我确实不知道，所以肯定不能告诉你。

）

14）.IfIhadmoneyonme,Iwouldlendyousome.

15）.Wewouldnotbeabletowalkiftherewerenofriction.

16）.Ifyouwereinmyposition,whatwouldyoudo?

17）.Iftheytreatedmeasaslave,Ihadtoresign.

18）.Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhaveamuchhappiertime.

19）.Ifwisheswerehosrse,beggarsmightride.（如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子们都有了坐骑。

）

20）.Lightmightbetooifithadnodifficultiesinit.（倘若生活中没了困难，就会过于平淡。

）

2.3.与将来事实相反

1）.Ifitrained/shouldrain/weretoraintomorrow,wewouldhavearest.

2）.Ifthesunweretorisefromthewest,Iwouldmarryyou.

（注：

对将来虚拟的条件从句中，在实现的可能性方面过去式did最大，shoulddo中等，weretodo最小。

如本句太阳没有可能从西方升起，所以本句用wereto最恰当。

）

3）.IfIweretomeethertomorrow,Iwouldaskheraboutit.

4）.Igreenplantsshoulddisappearsomeday,therewouldhardlybeanylfeontheearth.

5）.IfIweretodothework,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.

6）.Ifitshould（wereto）rainthisafternoon,thefootballmatchwouldbeputoff.

7）.Ifyoumissedthefilmthisevening,youwouldbesorryforit.（如果今晚错过了这场电影，你会遗憾的。

实际上，你不会错过。

）

8）.IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldinviteherhome.

9）.Ifyoulivedthereforseveralmonths,youwouldchangeyourmindabouttheplace.

10）.Ifthingsweretobedonetwice,allwouldbewise.（如果事情能被做两次，人人都回变得明智。

）

2.4.混合型

1）.Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,youwouldbemuchbetternow.（过去→现在）

2）.Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.（过去→现在）

3）.Ifyouhadlistenedtome,youwouldn’tbeinsuchtroublenow.（过去→现在）

4）.Ifyouhadgotsixmorevotesyesterday,youwouldbeourchairmannow.

（过去→现在）

5）.IfIhadearnedmuchmoneylastsummer,Iwouldgoonavacationnextmonth.（过去→将来）

6）.Ifyouhesitatedthismoment,youmightsufferinfuture.（现在→将来）

7）.Ifthedoctorhadcomesoonerlastnight,Tomwouldbealivetoday.（过去→现在）

8）.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetoherbirthdayparty.（现在→过去）

9）.Ifithadrainedlastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow.（过去→现在）

10）.Ifyouhadn’tlentmesomemoney,Icouldn’thaveboughtthenewhouseandmostlikelyIwouldbestilllivinginthedangeroushousenow.（过去→过去→现在）

2.5.if的省略与条件句的倒装

1）.WereIyou,Iwouldhaveacceptedthejob.

2）.Wereshehere,shewouldsupportus.

3）.Wereyoutogofishingwithme,youwouldhaveamuchhappiertime.

4）.Weremenangels,nogovernmentwouldbenecessary.（如果人人都是天使，政府就没有必要了。

）

5）.Wereshebemydaughter,Iwouldn’tallowhertostudyabroad.

6）.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemetmygirlfriend.

7）.HadItime,Iwouldcome.（本句中had是实意动词，而非主动词。

）

8）.HadIbeeninformedearlier,Icouldhavedonesomethingtopreventitfromhappening.

9）.Manypersonsintheworlswouldhavesucceededhadtheynotwastedtheirvaluabletime.

10）.Shoulditbefinetomorrow,wewouldgoouting.

11）.Shouldyouchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.

12）.Wewouldgonetoyourbirthdaypartyhadyouinvitedus.

13.Iwouldgoshoulditbenecessary.

14）.WhatwouldhavehappenedhadBobwalkedfarther,asfarastheriverbank?

15）.Haditnotbeenforyou,Iwouldhavelostmyway.

16）.Wereitnotforwater,noplantcouldgrow.

（注：

例句8、9知识点见“二→6→B→a”。

）

17）.Betheycommonpeopleorhigh-rankingofficials,theystandequalbeforethelaw.（Whethertheybe…）

18）.Betheweatherwhatitmay,Iwillleavetomorrow.（Whethertheweatherbewhatitmay,…）

（注：

例句13、14知识点见“八→5”。

）

注意：

在这一结构中，若条件句为否定句，not应被放在主语之后，而不能缩写成weren’t,shouldn’t或hadn’t而置于居首。

如例13，14。

2.6.含蓄型：

A.with：

“要是有，如果有”，表示与现在事实相反的假设。

1）.Withyourhelp,wewouldhaveworkedouttheproblem.

（要是有你的帮助，我们早就解出这道题了。

实际上你没有帮助我们，我们也没有解出这道题。

）

2）.Withalittleasssistance,Alexanderwouldhavesucceeded.

3）.Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.

B.a.without,butfor/ifitwerenotfor（wereitnotfor）/ifithadn’tbeenfor（haditnotbeenfor）/intheabsenceof+Sb./Sth.

b.butthat+句子；

  注意:

a.b.

都表示“要不是，若非，如果没有,如果不是”,

表示与现在事实相反的假设。

1）.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavemadesuchrapidprogress.

2）.Withouttheprogrammer（程序编制人员）,thecomputerwouldbeuseless.

3）.Withoutsunshine,nothingcouldgrowonearth.

4）.Withoutwaterorair,nothingcouldlive.

5）.Withoutcontradictionnothingcouldexist.（没有矛盾，就没有世界）

6）.Withouthim,wewouldhavefailed.

7）.Withoutthedifficulieswewouldnotknowgreatmen’stoughness.（如果没有困难，我们就不会了解伟人的坚韧性格。

）

8）.Iwouldnevermakeitwithoutthehavitsoforderanddiligence.（假如没有按部就班和勤奋的习惯，我就不会成功。

）

9）.Withoutchallenges,ObamawouldneverhavebeenPresidentoftheUnitedStates.

10）.Withoutsteel,therewouldbenomodernindustry.（没有钢，就没有现代工业。

）

11）.Butfortherain,weshouldhavehadapleasantjourney.

12）.Butforyourtimelyrescue,theboywouldhavedrowned.

13）.Butforfriction,peoplecouldneitherwalk,norevenstandup.

（注：

以上例句1-13without,butfor都可互换，并可替换为intheabsenceof;若是对现在或将来的虚拟，可用Ifitwerenotfor替换；若是对过去的虚拟则可用Ifithadnotbeenfor来替换。

）

14）.Butthathesawit,hecouldnothavebelievedit.

15）.ThelittlegirlwouldhavefallenintotheriverbutthatthePLAmancaughther.

16）.Butthatyoudidn’tletmetakethatcupofteaIwouldhavebeenposionedtodeath.

17）.Shewouldhavecometoseeyouthatdaybutthatshewasill.（=Butforherillness）

18）.Butthatitsnowedheavily,theycouldhavearrivedthereearlier.（=Butfortheheavysnow,…）

19）.Shewouldhaveboughtthebookbutthatshehadnomoneythen.

20）.Ifitweren’tformyjob,Iwouldcomewithyou.

21）.Ifitwerenotforhiswife’smoneyhewouldneverbeamayor.

22）.Ifithadn’tbeenforthedoctor’scare,Ishouldnotbespeakingtoyounow.

23）.Ifithadnotbeenforyou,Icouldnothaveworkedouttheproblem.

C.or,orelse,otherwise；

1）.Ididn’tcatchthebus,otherwiseIwouldn’thavemissedthefilm.

2）.Igotuptoolate,otherwiseIwouldn’thavebeenlateforthemeeting.

3）.Shewasn’tfeelingverywell.Otherwiseshewouldn’thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.

4）.Iwasillthatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavetakenpartintheparade（游行）.

5）.Iambusynow.Otherwise,Iwouldhelpyou.

6）.Hecan’thavewrittentome,otherwiseIwouldhavegothisletterbynow.

7）.Hetoldmeofyourarrival,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.

8）.Thesoldierfledaway,orhewouldhavebeenkilled.

9）.Ididn’tknowthathewasaliar,orelseIwouldn’thavebelievedhim.

D.通过上下文推断，没有引导词，真正的含蓄。

1）.Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavebeenascholar（学者）.

2）.Iwoulddosoinyourposition.

3）.Givenmoretime,wewoulddoitbetter.

4）.Unlessyouhaddoneitearlier,youwouldhavefailed.

2.7.suppose（that）,supposing（that）;provided（that）;onconditionthat;giventhat

1）.Suppose/supposingthattherewerenogravity,objectswouldnotfalltogroundwhendropped.

=Iftherewerenogravity,objectswouldnotfalltogroundwhendropped.

2）.Supposingyoucouldn’twrite,whatwouldyoudo?

3）.Childrenwerepermittedintothehallforthefilmprovided（that）theydidnotmakeanytrouble.

4）.Theguardsallowthetouriststogointothewoodsonconditionthatthey（should）donoharmtotheanimals.

（onconditionthat=onlyif,它所引导从句的谓语动词的语气可陈述，可虚拟，但均表示一个真实条件。

）

5）.Giventhathedoesn’tagreetodoit,weshalldoitalone.

（giventhat表示一个真实条件，其从句谓语动词用陈述语气。

）

3.宾语从句的虚拟语气

3.1.wish

wishthat…haddone→表示对过去已发事情的虚拟

wishthat…did/were→表示对现在正发事情的虚拟

wishthat…wereto/should/could/might/woulddo→表示对将来要发事情的虚拟

1）.IwishIwereabird.

2）.Theuglygirlwishesshewerebetterlooking.

3）.SometimesIwishIwerelivinginadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.

4）.HowIwisheveryfamilyhadalargehousewithabeautifulgarden!

5）.IhaveneverbeentoNewYork,buthowIwishIhad.

6）.IwishIcouldflytothemooninaspaceshiponeday.

7）.