英语考研真题答案Word格式文档下载.docx

英语考研真题答案Word格式文档下载.docx

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sectioniuseofenglish

directions:

readthefollowingtext.choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark[a],[b],[c]or[d]onanswersheet1.（10points）

researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedincarlzimmer‘spieceinthesciencetimesontuesday.fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitflytoliveshorterlives.thissuggeststhatbulbsburnlonger,thatthereisaninnotbeingtooterrificallybright.

intelligence,itout,isahigh-pricedoption.ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslowthestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual—insteadofinstinct.plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey‘veapparentlylearnediswhentoisthereanadaptivevaluetointelligence?

that‘sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.ilikeit.insteadofcastingawistfulglanceatallthespecieswe‘veleftinthedusti.q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhattherealofourownintelligencemightbe.thisisthemindofeveryanimali‘veevermet.

researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswouldonhumansiftheyhadthechance.everycatwithanowner,small-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethatanimalsranthelabs,theywouldtestustothelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreallyofitthereis.question:

arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

theresultsareinconclusive.1.[a]suppose[b]consider[c]observe[d]imagine2.[a]tended[b]feared[c]happened[d]threatened3.[a]thinner[b]stabler[c]lighter[d]dimmer4.[a]tendency[b]advantage[c]inclination[d]priority5.[a]insistson[b]sumsup[c]turnsout[d]putsforward6.[a]off[b]behind[c]over[d]along7.[a]incredible[b]spontaneous[c]inevitable[d]gradual8.[a]fight[b]doubt[c]stop[d]think

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9.[a]invisible[b]limited[c]indefinite[d]different

10.[a]upward[b]forward[c]afterward[d]backward11.[a]features[b]influences[c]results[d]costs12.[a]outside[b]on[c]by[d]across13.[a]deliver[b]carry[c]perform[d]apply14.[a]bychance[b]incontrast[c]asusual[d]forinstance15.[a]if[b]unless[c]as[d]lest16.[a]moderate[b]overcome[c]determine[d]reach17.[a]at[b]for[c]after[d]with18.[a]aboveall[b]afterall[c]however[d]otherwise19.[a]fundamental[b]comprehensive[c]equivalent[d]hostile20.[a]byaccident[b]intime[c]sofar[d]betterstill

sectioniireadingcomprehension

parta

readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[a],[b],[c]or[d].markyouranswersonanswersheet1.（40points）

text1

habitsareafunnything.wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.―notchoice,buthabitrulestheueflectingherd,‖williamwordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword―habit‖carriesanegativeconnotation.

soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

butdon‘tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;

oncethosethehippocampus,they‘retheretostay.instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

―thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,‖saysdawnamarkova,authorof―theopenmind‖andanexecutivechangeconsultantforprofessionalthinkingpartners.―butwearetaughtinsteadto?

decide,‘justasourpresidentcallshimself?

thedecider.‘‖sheadds,however,that―todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.a

goodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.‖

allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe‘reunaware,shesays.researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:

analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.―thisbreaksthemajorruleintheamericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,‖explainsm.j.ryan,authorofthe2006book―thisyeariwill...‖andms.markova‘sbusinesspartner.―that‘saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.knowingwhatyou‘regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.‖thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.theviewofwordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing[a]casual[b]familiar[c]mechanical[d]changeable.22.theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe[a]predicted[b]regulated[c]traced[d]guided23.“ruts‖（inlineone,paragraph3）hasclosestmeaningto[a]tracks[b]series[c]characteristics[d]connections

24.ms.markova‘scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting[a]preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed[b]nolongeremphasizescommonness

[c]maintainstheinherentamericanthinkingmodel[d]complieswiththeamericanbeliefsystem25.ryanmostprobablyagreethat[a]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind[b]innovativenesscouldbetaught[c]decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas[d]curiosityactivatescreativeminds

text2

itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal（fatherly）wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe‘sthekid‘sdad.allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit（ptk）athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togetthe

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results.

morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedtheptkssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtodougfog,chiefoperatingofficerofidentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.morethantwodozencompaniesselldnatestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

amongthemostpopular:

paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily‘sgeographicroots.

mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.alltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocomparedna.butsomeobserversareskeptical,―thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,‖saystreyduster,anewyorkuniversitysociologist.henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheychromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather‘slineormitochondrialdna,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.thisdnacanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon‘trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.thismeansthatadnadatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsptk‘s______.

[a]easyavailability[b]flexibilityinpricing[c]successfulpromotion[d]popularitywithhouseholds27.ptkisusedto_______.

[a]locateone‘sbirthplace[b]promotegeneticresearch

[c]identifyparent-childkinship[d]choosechildrenforadoption28.skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto______.

[a]tracedistantancestors[b]rebuildreliablebloodlines[c]fullyusegeneticinformation[d]achievetheclaimedaccuracy

29.inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.[a]disorganizeddatacollection[b]overlappingdatabasebuilding

[c]excessivesamplecomparison[d]lackofpatentevaluation.

30.anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.

[a]forsandagainstsofdnatesting[b]dnatestingandit‘sproblems[c]dnatestingoutsidethelab[d]liesbehinddnatesting

text3

therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;

however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountrie