《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版上).ppt

《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版上).ppt

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研究生英语精读教程（第三版上）,UnitOne,YouAreWhatYouThink,1.Text,2.Exercises,3.SupplementaryReading,YouAreWhatYouThink,AndifyouchangeyourmindfrompessimismtooptimismyoucanchangeyourlifeClaipeSafran,doughnutn.炸面圈clichn.ideaorexpressionthathasbeentoomuchusedandisnowoutdated;stereotypedphrase;triteexpression陈腔滥调scrutinizev.makeadetailedexaminationof细查，详审；审视,1Doyouseetheglassashalffullratherthanhalfempty?

Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?

Suddenlytheseclichsarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.,2Afast-growingbodyofresearch104studiessofar,involvingsome15000peopleisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.,optimismn.beliefthatintheendgoodwilltriumphoverevil;tendencytolookuponthebrightsideofthings;confidenceinsuccess乐观；乐观主义pessimismn.tendencytobelievethattheworstthingismostlikelytohappen,thateverythingisessentiallyevil悲观；悲观主义depressionn.beingsad;lowspirit沮丧，抑郁,Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceUniversityinHouston，itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.,psychologistn.心理学家，研究心理学者,3Yourabilitiescount,explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,thatsbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.,inpart:

tosomeextent在某种程度上,4Take,forexample,yourjob.Inamajorstudy,psychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandcolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsuranceCo.Theyfoundthatthepositive-thinkersamonglongtimerepresentativessold37-percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20-percentmore.,metropolitanadj.oforinacapitalcity大城市的，大都会的，首府的,5Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimism.Thesepeople,whomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.,6Howdidtheydoit?

Thesecrettoanoptimistssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.Imnogoodatthis,hesays,Ialwaysfail.Theoptimistlooksforloopholes.Heblamestheweather,thephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.,loopholen.wayofescapefromcontrol,esp.oneprovidedbycarelessandinexactwordingofarule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞connectionn.joiningorbeingjoined;pointwheretwothings连接；连接点；连接物,Thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistseessuccessasafluke.,creditn.honour,approval,goodnameorreputation荣誉；赞许；好名声fluken.somethingresultingfromafortunateaccident;luckystroke侥幸的结果；侥幸,7CraigAndersonhadagroupofstudentsphonestrangersandaskthemtodonatebloodtotheRedCross.Whentheyfailedonthefirstcallortwo,pessimistssaid,Icantdothis.Optimiststoldthemselves,Ineedtotryadifferentapproach.8Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.Ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydontbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.,donatev.give（egmoney）toacharity,etc.;contribute捐赠；赠送prophecyn.poweroftellingwhatwillhappeninthefuture;statementthattellswhatwillhappen预言能力；预言,9Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,isthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefatesplaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesntseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.,litmusn.bluecolouring-matterthatisturnedredbyacidandthenrestoredbyalkali;materialstainedwithlitmususedasatestforacidsandalkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸playthingn.toy;（fig.）somebodytreatedasameretoy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物,10Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustifyandsometimesthatswhatkeepsthemalive.Dr.SandraLevyofthePittsburghCancerInstitutestudiedwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer.Forthewomenwhoweregenerallyoptimistic,therewasalongerdisease-freeinterval,thebestpredictorofsurvival.Inapilotstudyofwomenintheearlystagesofbreastcancer,Dr.Levyfoundthediseaserecurredsooneramongthepessimists.,breastn.eitherofthemilk-producingpartsofawoman;chest;upperfrontpartofthehumanbody乳房；胸膛；胸部recureorhappenagain;berepeated再来；再发生；重复,11Optimismwontcuretheincurable,butitmaypreventillness.Inalongtermstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegative.Twentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddle-agediseaseshypertension,diabetes,heartailmentsamongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.,hypertensionn.highbloodpressure高血压diabetesn.diseaseofthepancreasinwhichsugarandstarchyfoodscannotbeproperlyabsorbed糖尿病ailmentn.illness疾病,12Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimistsfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebodysnaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesnttakegoodcareofhimself.,underminev.weakenatthebase;weakengradually使从基础损坏；逐渐削弱或损坏immuneadj.exemptfromorprotectedagainstsomethingdisagreeableorharmful;notsusceptibletosomespecifieddiseasebecauseofthepresenceofthespecificantibodies免除的；安全的；免疫的,Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelifesblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood，avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.,dodgev.movequicklytooneside,changepositionordirection,inordertoescapeoravoidsomething;avoid（duties,etc.）bycunningortrickery躲闪，躲避，逃避misfortunen.badluck;unfortunateaccidentorhappening不幸；灾祸；不幸事故munchv.chewwithmuchmovementofthejaw用力咀嚼；大声咀嚼junkn.old,discardedthingsoflittleornovalue破烂物,13Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearned“atyourmothersknee”，saysSeligman.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragements,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany“donts”andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearfulandpessimistic.,cautionn.warningwords;takingcare;payingattention（toavoiddangerormakingmistakes）警告；小心；谨慎,14Astheygrow,childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs,suchaslearningtotieshoelaces.Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol,andthatbreedsoptimism.,triumphn.（joyorsatisfactionata）successorvictory成功；胜利；成功或胜利的喜悦shoelacen.cordforfasteningtheedgesofashoesuppers鞋带,15Pessimismisahardhabittobreakbutitcanbedone.Inaseriesoflandmarkstudies,Dr.CarolDweckoftheUniversityofIllinoishasbeenworkingwithchildrenintheearlygradesofschool.,landmarkn.objectthatmarkstheboundaryofapieceofland;（fig.）event,discovery,change,etc.thatmarksastageorturning-point界标；（喻）划时代的大事、发现等；里程碑workwith（someone）:

spendtimeandefforttryingtohelp（someone）insomeway对（某人）做工作以帮助,AsshehelpsflounderingstudentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailuresfromImustbedumbtoIdidntstudyhardenough“theiracademicperformanceimproves.,flounderv.makeviolentandusuallyvainefforts（aswhenoneisindeepwaterandunabletoswim）;（fig.）hesitate,makemistakes,whentryingtodosomething挣扎；（喻）踌躇或胡乱地做事dumbadj.unabletospeak;（UScolloquial）stupid;dull哑的；（美口）笨的；愚蠢的,16PittsburghsDr.Levywonderedifturningpatientsintooptimistswouldlengthentheirlives.Inapilotstudy,twogroupsofcolon-cancerpatientsweregiventhesamemedicaltreatment,butsomewerealsogivenpsychologicalhelptoencourageoptimism.Resultsshowedthatthisworked.Nowamajorstudyisplannedtodeterminewhetherthispsychologicalchangecanalterthecourseofthedisease.,colonn.lowerandgreaterpartofthelargeintestine结肠psychologicaladj.ofthemind;mental心理的,17So,ifyoureapessimist,theresreasonforoptimism.Youcanchange.Hereshow,saysSteveHollon,apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity:

181.Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind,uneditedanduncensored.,censorv.examinebooks,periodicals,films,etc.tocutoutanythingregardedasimmoralorinotherwaysundesirable检查并删剪（书刊、电影等）被认为不当的部分,192.Nowtryanexperiment.Dosomethingthatscontrarytoanynegativereactions.Letssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork.Doyouthink,Ihatemyjob,butIcouldnevergetabetterone?

Actasifthatwerentso.Sendoutresums.Gotointerviews.Lookintotrainingandcheckjobleads.,203.Keeptrackofwhathappens.Wereyourfirstthoughtsrightorwrong?

Ifyourthoughtsareholdingyouback,changethem,saysHollon.Itstrialanderror,noguarantees,butgiveyourselfachance.,21Positivethinkingleadstopositiveaction,andreaction.Whatyouexpectfromtheworld,theevidencesuggests,iswhatyourelikelytoget.,Exercises,.Comprehension,.Vocabulary,.Cloze,.Translation（EnglishtoChinese）,.Translation（ChinesetoEnglish）,.Writing,.Comprehension,AnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternativeA,B,CorDundereach.Youareallowed2minutes30secondsforthispart.,1.Thosepeoplewhokeeptheireyeuponthedoughnutratherthanonthehole_.areconsideredpositive-thinkersb