英语语言学小总结.docx

英语语言学小总结.docx

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英语语言学小总结

英语语言学小总结

1、2Whatislanguage–DefiningtheObjectofStudyLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication（widelyaccepteddefinition）

1、4DesignFeaturesofLanguage1）

Arbitrariness--Athemepervadingabundantworkinthefunctionalisttraditionisthatlanguagestructuretoaconsiderabledegreehasaniconicmotivation、Roughly,thisembodiestheideathattheform,length,complexity,orinterrelationshipofelementsintheconcept,experience,orcommunicativestrategythatthatrepresentationencodes、--Themajorworksdealingwithiconicityinlanguagearedevotedprimarilytodefendingthreedistinctclaims①grammaticalstructureisaniconicreflectionofconceptualstructure②iconicprinciplesgovernspeaker;choicesofstructurallyavailableoptionsindiscourse③structuraloptionsthatreflectdiscourseiconicprinciplesbecomegrammaticalizedTruth:

Arbitrarinessdefinesthehumanlanguage,whileiconicityisourattempttounderstandtheresourcesofourlanguageandtheprofoundrelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition、Languageseemstoincorporatebotharbitraryandiconicelements、2）

Duality•Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures（phonologicalandgrammatical）,unitsoftheprimarylevelbeingcomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachlevelhavingitsownprinciplesoforganization、•Advantageofduality,e、g、48soundsinEnglish3）

Productivity\Creativity•Thepropertythatenablesnativespeakerstoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofutterances,includingutterancesthattheyhaveneverpreviouslyencountered•Potentialofcreatingendlesssentences4）

DisplacementPropertythatmakesitpossibleforustorefertoobjectsandeventsthatareremoteintimeandplacefromtheactsofutterance5）

InterchangeabilityAnyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages、6）

Culturaltransmissiontheabilitytospeakaparticularlanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct（genetictransmission）、1、7FunctionsofLanguageJakobson’sclassification:

•Speechevent:

context,addresser,addressee,message,contact,code•1）

Referentialfunction:

contextreferredto•2）

Emotivefunction:

addresser•3）

Conativefunction:

addressee•4）

Poeticfunction:

message•5）

Phaticfunction:

contact•6）

Metalingualfunction:

codeHalliday’sThreemacrofunctionsforadults:

•1）

ideational•2）

interpersonal•3）

textual（e、g、,creatingrelevancetocontext）

1、8ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics•

1、8、6Eticvs、Emic:

firstusedbyK、L、Pikethedistinctionandrelationshipbetweenphoneticsandphonemics（phone,phoneme）

intermsof“Etic”and“Emic”isalsoapplicabletootherlinguisticlevelsandeventhelevelsofhumanbehavior、Chapter2Phonetics

2、1ThestudyofspeechsoundsPhonetics:

anatomy;andphysiologyofspeech,articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryorperceptualphonetics语音学•Phonology:

concernedwiththeorganizationofspeechwithinspecificlanguage,rwiththesystemsandpatternsofsoundsthatoccurinparticularlanguages音系学

2、2SpeechorgansWaysofpronunciation:

Voicelessconsonants（p,s,t）:

whenthevocalcordsareapartVoicedconsonants（b,z,d）:

whenthevocalcordsareclosedtogetherandvibrateGlottalstopwhenthevocalcordsaretotallyclosedandnoairpassesbetweenthem

2、4、1Mannersofarticulation1）

Stops（orplosives）

塞音Theyinvolveacompleteclosureofthearticulatorsandanobstructionoftheairstream、Theprocessincludesthreephases:

a）

theclosingphase,inwhichthearticulatorscometogether;b）

theholdofcompressionphase,duringwhichairiscompressedbehindtheclosure;c）

thereleasephase,duringwhichthearticulatorsformingtheobstructioncomerapidlyapartandtheairissuddenlyreleased,causingaplosionNasalstops:

theairgoesoutthroughthenasalcavity;

[m,n,ῃ]Oralstops:

theairgoesoutthroughthemouth;

[p,b,t,d,k,g]2）

Fricatives擦音Closeapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamispartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced、InEnglish,therearethefollowing:

[f,v,ө,,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,h]3）Affricates塞擦音

[tʃ],

[ʤ]Theyinvolvemorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthattheyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation、InEnglish,the“ch

[tʃ]”ofchurchandthe“j

[ʤ]”ofjetarebothaffricates、

2、5、2ThetheoryofcardinalvowelsThecardinalvowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages、Thesystemdefineseight“primary”cardinalvowels,inrelationtowhichafurthersetof“secondary”cardinalvowelscanbedefined、2、5、3ThechangeofvowelqualityPureormonophthongvowels:

TheirqualityremainsconstantthroughoutthearticulationDiphthong:

achangeofquality,butwithasinglemovementofthetongueTriphthongs:

achangeofquality,butwithadoublemovementofthetongue,suchasinwireandtower、2、7Coarticulation,broadandnarrowtranscription

2、7、2BroadandnarrowtranscriptionBroadtranscription:

宽式；whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscriptionNarrowtranscription:

严式；whenweusemorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailDiacritics：

附加符号；fortranscribingtheminutedifferencesbetweenvariationsofthesamesound;Therearemanysuchsymbols,e、g、addacurvedlinetothetopofthesymbol

[];tousean“:

h”ontherighttopof

[p]foranaspirated

[p];tousea“=”ontherighttopof

[p]foranunaspirated

[p]、2、8、1ThesyllablestructureAsyllableconsistsftwoparts,theonset（节首音）andtherhyme（orrime）（韵脚）、Therhymeconsistsofthenucleus（核心）andthecoda（音节尾）Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda、Opensyllable:

asyllablethathasnocodaClosedsyllable:

asyllablethathasacodaTheonsetpositioninEnglishmanybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants、Thecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonantsasinsixths、TheEnglishsyllablemayberepresentedas（（（C）C）V（（（C）C）C）InChinese,thesyllableallowsatmostoneconsonantintheonsetpositionandonlynasalsinthecodaforPutonghua、Thus,theStandardChinesesyllableisrepresentedas（C）

V（C）、2、8、2SonorityscaleThesonorityscaleplaysanimportantroleinthecombinationofspeechsoundsinalanguage、Forexample,wecanhavehelp,lump,pray,andquick,butnothelp,lupm,rpay,orwquick、Thedegreeofsonorityofdifferentclassesofsoundaffectstheirpossiblepositionsinthesyllable:

Mostsonorous5Vowels4Approximants3Nasals2FricativesLeastsonorous1StopsChapter3Phonology

3、1PhonologicalanalysisDistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonologyThereisafairdegreeofoverlapinwhatconcernsthetwosubjects,soitissometimesverydifficulttodrawtheboundariesbetweenthem、Phonetics:

studyinghowspeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceivedPhonology:

thestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages,concernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguage,discoveryoftheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andexplanationofthevariationsthatoccur、3、2PhonemesandallophonesImportanceofcontrast:

Theminimalpairtestshowsthattheword“phoneme”simplyreferstoa“unitofexplicitsoundcontrast”:

theexistenceofaminimalpairautomaticallygrantsphonemicstatustothesoundsresponsibleforthecontrasts、3、2、3AllophonesPhonemictranscription:

broadtranscriptionPhonetictranscription:

narrowtranscriptionNotation:

//isusedforphonemictranscriptionwhile

[]isusedforphonetictranscription、Phone:

anyspecificsoundAllophones:

variantsofaphoneme,e、g、1）

sppiratedandunaspirtedp:

[p=,ph],inpeakandspeak2）

theclear

[l]andthedark

[ł]inleadanddeal、（beforeandafteravowel）Complementarydistribution:

theallophonesofaphonemeareincomplementarydistributionbecausetheyneveroccurinthesamecontextThatistosaythat

[p=]occursafter

[s]while

[ph]alwaysoccursinotherplaces、Freevariants:

differentsoundsofaphonemebecauseofdialect,habitorindividualpreference,notbecauseofanydistributionalrule、Forinstance,the

[p]incupmaybepronouncedoromitted、Theworddirectionmaybepronouncedas

[di-]or

[dai-]、3、3Phonologicalprocesses

3、3、1Assimilation同化Assimilationisaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound、Assimilationisoftenusedsynonymouslywithcoarticulation、Typesofassimilationintermsofdirection:

1）

Progressiveassimilation:

inwhichaprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowingsound2）

Regressiveassimilation:

inwhichafollowingsoundinfluencesaprecedingsound、TypesofassimilationintermsofprocessNasalization:

e、g、cap

[kp],can

[kn],theinthesecondwordisnasalized、Similarly,tapandtan、Dentalization:

e、g、tent

[tent],tenth

[tenө],the

[n]inthesecondwordisdentalized、Similarly,ninetyandninth、Velarization:

e、g、since

[sins],sink

[siŋk],the

[n]inthesecondwordisvelarized软颚化；similarly,inthepairofminceandmink、3、3RuleorderingEpenthesis:

插入音，衬音Sibilants:

thegroupoffricativesandaffricates

[s,z,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ]Rulesofprocess:

6）

Devoicingrule:

z→s/

[-voiced,C]_______7）

Epenthesisrule:

→ə/sibilant______zRuleordering:

Epenthesisshouldalwaysapplybeforedevoicing、Wehavetofollowthisspecialruleinsomeparticularcases、Ifthisorderisdisturbed,incorrectderivationwillresult、e、g、case

[keize],cases

[keisəz]（[z]becomes

[s]first,thentheepenthesis）

3、4Distinctivefeatures

3、4、1ThetheoryofdistinctivefeaturesDistinctivefeatures:

propertiesorfeat