医学词汇 课件文档格式.docx

医学词汇 课件文档格式.docx

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Chapter1

Historyofmedicalterminology

•Medicalterminologyisaspecialvocabularyusedbyhealthcareprofessionalsforeffectiveandaccuratecommunication.BecauseitisbasedmainlyonGreekandLatinwords,medicalterminologyisconsistentanduniformthroughouttheworld.Itisalsoefficient;

althoughsomeofthetermsarelong,theyoftenreduceanentirephrasetoasingleword.Theonewordgastroduodenostomy,forexample,standsfor“acommunicationbetweenthestomachandthefirstpartofthesmallintestine”.

InfluencesofGreekandLatinonMedicalTerminology

Althoughmedicalterms

havebeendrawnfrommanylanguages,alargemajorityarefromGreekandLatin.

I.GreekInMedicalTerminology

•Itisestimatedthataboutthree-fourthsofourmedicalterminologyisofGreekorigin.

Threereasonsforthis

•ThemainreasonforthisisthattheGreekswerethefoundersofrationalmedicineinthegoldenageofGreekcivilizationinthe5thcenturyB.C.TheHippocraticSchooland,lateron,Galen（theGreekfromAsiaMinorwholivedinRomeinthe2ndcenturyA.D.）formulatedthetheorieswhichdominatedmedicineuptothebeginningofthe18thcentury.TheHippocraticwerethefirsttodescribediseasesbasedonobservation,andthenamesgivenbythemtomanyconditionsarestillusedtoday,suchasarthritis,nephritis.

HippocratesofCosorHippokratesofKos

•HistoriansagreethatHippocrateswasbornaroundtheyear460BContheGreekislandofKos（Cos）,andbecameafamousphysicianandteacherofmedicine.HeisconsideredoneofthemostoutstandingfiguresinthehistoryofmedicineandreferredtoasthefatherofWesternmedicineinrecognitionofhislastingcontributionstothefieldasthefounderoftheHippocraticSchoolofmedicine.ThisintellectualschoolrevolutionizedmedicineinancientGreece,establishingitasadisciplinedistinctfromotherfieldsthatithadtraditionallybeenassociatedwith（notablytheurgy巫术andphilosophy）,thusestablishingmedicineasaprofession.

•AsecondreasonforthelargenumberofGreekmedicaltermsisthattheGreeklanguagelendsitselfeasilytothebuildingofcompounds.Whennewtermswereneeded,withtherapidexpansionofmedicalscienceduringthel9thcentury,GreekwordsorLatinwordswithGreekendingswereusedtoexpressthenewideas,conditions,orinstruments.Thenewwordsfollowtheoldermodelssocloselythatitisimpossibletodistinguishthetwobytheirforms.Suchrecentwordsasappendicitis,cystoscope,streptococcus链球菌,andmanyothersdonotappeardifferentfromtheclassicalterms.Thefactisthataboutone-halfofourmedicalterminologyislessthantwocenturiesold.

•Athirdreasonforusingtheclassicalrootsisthattheyformaninternationallanguage,easilyunderstoodbyanyonefamiliarwiththesubjectmatter.

II.LatininMedicalTerminology

•AstheRomansconqueredthethenknownworld,LatinbecametheuniversallanguageofItalyandtheprovinces.ManycenturiesafterthefallofRome,Latinstillruledsupreme.Tothisveryday,LatinisthelanguageoftheCatholicChurch，andduringtheformativeperiodofthewesternEuropeanlanguages,itwasincorporatedineveryoneofthem.TheRomanlanguages,andespeciallyFrench,ismodernLatin,preservingmostoftheformandspiritoftheancientlanguage.

•EnglishistosomeextentGermanicinformandpartofitsvocabularyisGermanic,butaconsiderablesectionisofLatinancestryborrowedfromtheFrench.MostofthecommonrootsofspeechareAnglo-Saxon,butthemomentweleaveprimitivelifeandadvancetomorecivilizedliving,ourwordsimmediatelybecomeLatin.Wewalk,start,stop,breathe,sleep,wake,talk,liveandlieinAnglo-Saxon,butweadvance,retreat,approach,retire,inspire,confer,discuss,compare,refuse,debate,perish,surviveinLatin,andthepredominantpartofthevocabularyofbusiness,commerce,finance,government,diplomacy,andthesciencesisLatin.

•GreekmedicinemigratedtoRomeatanearlydate,andmanyLatintermscreptintoitsterminology.Latinwasthelanguageofscienceuptothebeginningofthe18thcentury,soallmedicaltextswerewritteninLatin.UndertheinfluenceofthegreatanatomicalworkofAndreasVesalius,Dehumanicorporisfabrica《人体的构造》（1543）,theterminologyofanatomyisalmostexclusivelyLatin.TheGreektermscameintotheEnglishlanguagethroughtheLatin.

•JuliusCaesarinvadedBritaintwice,in55and54BC.

TheRenaissance

•13世纪末期，在意大利商业发达的城市，新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化，通过文艺创作，宣传人文精神。

•TheRenaissance（1400-1600）wasaculturalmovementthatprofoundlyaffectedEuropeanintellectuallifeintheearlymodernperiod.BeginninginItaly,andspreadingtotherestofEuropebythe16thcentury,itsinfluenceaffectedliterature,philosophy,art,politics,science,religion,andotheraspectsofintellectualinquiry.Renaissancescholarsemployedthehumanistmethodinstudy,andsearchedforrealismandhumanemotioninart.

•InstarkcontrasttotheHighMiddleAges,whenLatinscholarsfocusedalmostentirelyonstudyingGreekandArabicworksofnaturalscience,philosophyandmathematics,RenaissancescholarsweremostinterestedinrecoveringandstudyingLatinandGreekliterary,historical,andoratoricaltexts.Broadlyspeaking,thisbeganinthe14thcenturywithaLatinphase,whenRenaissancescholarsscouredthelibrariesofEuropeinsearchofworksbyLatinauthors.Bytheearly15thcentury,thebulkofsuchLatinliteraturehadbeenrecovered;

theGreekphaseofRenaissancehumanismwasnowunderway,asWesternEuropeanscholarsturnedtorecoveringancientGreekliterary,historical,oratoricalandtheologicaltexts.

医学词汇的发展史

•医学词汇的特点与其发展史密切相关。

古希腊文明源远流长，古希腊医学起源很早，在民间，符咒和驱邪相当流行，人们崇拜医神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Aesculapius，thegodofmedicineandhealinginancientGreekreligion）,如今的医学标识：

手杖和蛇，即源自于这位伟大的希腊医神。

希腊文化早于罗马文化，很多拉丁语源于希腊语。

古希腊医学家希波克拉底（Hippocrates,460-377BC）留下不少文献，其医学知识被罗马人继承，成为西方医学的起源。

罗马人（说拉丁语）在凯撒大帝（JuliusCaesar）的率领下于公元前55年入侵不列颠群岛，统治直至公元410年。

这样，拉丁语直接传入英语，希腊语又以拉丁语作媒介传入英语。

例如：

据传凯撒大帝经剖腹而降生，因而“剖腹产”的英文便是Caesareansection。

•另一个重要时期便是文艺复兴时期，人们注重研究希腊语，用拉丁语演讲、写文章成为文人学者崇尚的时髦，这两种再次涌入英语。

现代医学英语一方面经常把拉丁语、希腊语的词根作为组词因素，构成大量医学术语，例如：

infra-red（红外线）有拉丁语前缀infra-和英语的词根red组成。

oncology（肿瘤学）则由希腊语词根onc和英语后缀-ology组成。

这种由借词和本族语结合而产生的新词叫做“杂交词”（thehybridword）。

另一方面用拉丁语和希腊语作词根的来源，构成大量复制形式（duplicateforms）的词汇，称作“竞争形势”（competingforms），有三种类型：

（1）词根相同，组合元音各异，例如：

ov/i/duct（输卵管），ov/oplasm（卵浆）

（2）同一词根两种形式，例如：

hem/o/rrhage（出血），hemat/o/logy（血液学）；

（3）两个词根意义相同，但词源各异，例如:

womb（子宫），hysteralgia（子宫痛，希腊源），uteralgia（子宫痛，拉丁源）。

第三种类型产生了大量的同义词。

Chapter2

•医学词语的构成、拼写、读音

•Thereishardlyanyotheraspectofmedicinethatissodiscouragingforthebeginningstudentasmedicalterminology.Thefirstimpactofthelong,unfamiliarwordsisdecidedlydepressing.AFrenchessayistofthe16thcenturymadetheaptremarkthat“Thelanguageofmedicineisanidiomforeigntothegeneralspeechandofdiscordant不一致的sound.”Thesamecriticismcouldverywellapplytopresent-daymedicallanguage,whichsoundsjustas“discordant”totheuninitiated（peoplewhoarenotamongthosewhohavespecialknowledgeorexperience没有专门知识或经验的人）.

•Themedicalvocabularyisvast,andlearningitmayseemlikelearningtheentirevocabularyofaforeignlanguage.Moreover,likethejargonthatarisesinallchangingfields,itisalwaysexpanding.Thinkofthetermsthathavebeenaddedtoourvocabularywiththedevelopmentofcomputers,suchassoftware,megabyte兆字节,searchengine,e-mail,chatroom.Thetaskseemsoverwhelming,buttherearemethodsthatcanaidinlearningandrememberingwordsandcanevenhelpinmakinginformedguessesregardingthemeaningsofunfamiliarwords.Mostmedicaltermscanbedividedintocomponentparts—roots,prefixes,andsuffixes—thatmaintainthesamemeaningwhenevertheyappear.Bylearningthesemeanings,youcananalyzeandremembermanywords

•Somefamiliaritywiththemeaningofthemostfrequentlyusedroots,prefixes,andsuffixeswillclarifythewholefield.Withalittlestudy,itwillbefoundthatthelongandformidablesoundingmedicaltermsareacombinationofwordswhichdescribepartsofthebody,afunction,oracondition.Thebasictermsoccuroverandoveragaininvariouscombinations.Aknowledgeofthemeaningoftheroots,prefixes,andsuffixesenablesthestudenttoanalyzethemedicaltermsintocomponentparts.Thisisofthegreatestaidinlearningtounderstandthevocabularyofmedicine.Somenamesofdiseasesgivenbytheancientsandstillusedtodayare,inmanyinstances,simplydescriptionsoftheoutstandingsymptoms;

forexample,hydro-phobia—fearofwater—forrabies,becausetheinabilitytodrinkisanearly,characteristicsignofthedisease.

WordParts

•root

•Thefundamentalunitofeachmedicalwordistheroot.Thisestablishesthebasicmeaningofthewordandistheparttowhichmodifyingprefixesandsuffixesareadded.

•prefix

•Aprefixisashortwordpartaddedbeforearoottomodifyitsmeaning.Prefixesareindicatedbyadashaftertheprefix,suchaspre-.

•suffix

•Asuffixisashortwordpartorseriesofpartsaddedattheendofaroottomodifyitsmeaning.Inmanybookssuffixesareindicatedbyadashbeforethesuffix,suchas-itis.

•Thesimplewordlearncanbeusedasaroottoillustrate.Ifweaddthesuffix–ertoformlearner,wehave“onewholearns.”Ifweaddtheprefixre-toformrelearn,wehave“tolearnagain.”Notallrootsarecompletewords.Infact,mostmedicalrootsarederivedfromotherlanguagesandaremeanttobeusedincombinations.TheGreekwordkardia,forexample,meaning“heart,”givesustherootcardi.The