阅读方法与技巧READING STRATEGIES AND SKILLS.docx

阅读方法与技巧READING STRATEGIES AND SKILLS.docx

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阅读方法与技巧READINGSTRATEGIESANDSKILLS

ThiscoursewillgiveyoutheopportunitytodevelopandpracticereadingstrategiesandskillswhichcanbeappliedtoallformsofIELTStests.Thestrategiesandskillsyouwillpracticeareasfollows:

　　1.Predicting

　　2.Skimming

　　3.Scanning

　　4.Detailedreading

　　5.Guessingunknownwords

　　6.Understandingmainideas

　　7.Inferring

　　8.Understandingtextorganization

　　9.Assessingawriter’spurpose

　　10.Evaluatingawriter’sattitude.

　　1Predicting

　　Beforeyoureadatextindetail,itispossibletopredictwhatinformationyoumayfindinit.Youwillprobablyhavesomeknowledgeofthesubjectalready,andyoucanusethisknowledgetohelpyouanticipatewhatareadingtextcontains.Afterlookingatthetitle,forexample,youcanaskyourselfwhatyouknowanddonotknowaboutthesubjectbeforeyoureadthetext.Oryoucanformulatequestionsthatyouwouldliketohaveansweredbyreadingthetext.Theseexerciseswillhelpyoufocusmoreeffectivelyontheideasinatextwhenyouactuallystartreading.

　　Tohelpyoupredict,youmayalsouseskimmingandscanningstrategiesasdescribedbelow.

　　2Skimming

　　Skimminginvolvesreadingquicklythroughatexttogetanoverallideaofitscontents.Featuresofthetextthatcanhelpyouincludethefollowing:

　　（a）Title

　　（b）Sub-title（s）

　　（c）Detailsabouttheauthor

　　（d）Abstract

　　（e）Introductoryparagraph

　　（f）First,secondandlastsentencesoffollowingparagraphs

　　（g）Concludingparagraph

　　Atextmaynotcontainallofthesefeatures-theremaybenoabstract,forexample,andnosub-titles-butyoucanusuallyexpecttofindatleast（a）,（e）,（f）and（g）.Focusingonthesewillgiveyouanunderstandingoftheoverallideaorgistofthetextyouarereading-inotherwords,ageneralunderstandingasopposedtoadetailedreading.

　　Anothertermforthiskindofreadingissurveying.Surveyingcanbedescribedaslookingquicklythroughabook,chapterofabook,articlefromajournal,etc.,todecidewhetherornotitissuitableforyourpurpose.Todecidewhetherornotatextissuitable,especiallyifitisabook,youwillalsoneedtofocusonthefollowingfeaturesinadditiontothosementionedabove:

　　（a）Editionanddateofpublication

　　（b）Tableofcontents

　　（c）Foreword

　　（d）Introduction

　　（e）Index

　　3Scanning

　　Whenyouscanatext,againyoulookquicklythroughit.However,unlikeskimming,scanninginvolveslookingforspecificwords,scanninginvolvesrapidreadingforthespecificratherthanthegeneral;forparticulardetailsratherthantheoverallidea.Whenyoureadatext,forexample,youmaywanttofindonlyapercentagefigureorthedatesofparticularhistoricaleventsinsteadofthemainideas.Scanningwillhelpyoufindsuchinformationmoreefficiently.

　　4Detailedreading

　　Asecondandthirdreadingofatextwillalsofocusonthesecondaryideasanddetailswhichsupport,explainanddevelopthemainideas.Thiscanbedescribedasamorecomprehensivereading.Itinvolvesaslowerandmorecarefulreadingprocess.Atthisstageyoucanalsotrytoguessthemeaningofunfamiliarvocabulary.

　　5Guessingunknownwords

　　Itisunlikelythatyouwillunderstand100percentofthevocabularyinatext,especiallyatafirstreading.Usefirstthecontextandthenyourownknowledgeofthesubjecttohelpyouguessthemeaningofunknownwords.Atyourfirstreadingofatextitisusuallybestnottostopandconsultyourdictionary.Thiswillinterruptyourprocessofreadingandunderstanding.oftenthemeaningofunfamiliarwordsandphrasesbecomesclearasyoucontinuetoreadthroughthetext.Thedictionarycanbeusedatalaterstage.

　　Inusingthecontexttohelpyouguessunknownvocabulary,youcanreferfirsttoimmediatecontextandthentothewidercontextinwhichawordisfound.Theimmediatecontextisthesentenceinwhichawordisfound,andsometimesthesentencesimmediatelybeforeandafterthis.Thewidercontextcanincludeothersentencesandevenotherparagraphsinatext.Bothformsofcontextcanoftenprovideimportantinformationwhichhelpyouguessthemeaningofunfamiliarwords.

　　6Understandingmainideas

　　Youwillpracticerecognizingthemainideascontainedwithinatext.Intheprocessofskimmingyouwillalreadyhaveidentifiedsomeofthesemainideas.Duringasecondandthirdreadingyoucanrecognizeandunderstandthemmorefully.Eachparagraphwillusuallycontainonemainidea.sometimesreferredtoastheparagraphtopic.

　　Thereadingmaterialsprovideseveralexerciseswhichhelpyouidentifyandunderstandthemainideasinatext.Knowingthekeypointsinareadingtextisvitalinassessingitsimportanceandrelevanceforyourneeds.Understandingthemainideaswillalsoleadyoutoanunderstandingofawriter’sorganization.

　　7Inferring

　　Sometimesawriterwillsuggestorexpresssomethingindirectlyinatext.Inotherwords,awriterwillimplysomethingandleaveittothereadertoinferorunderstandwhatismeant.Whenwritersdothis,theyrelytosomeextentontheknowledgeoftheirreaders-knowledgeofasubjectorculturalknowledge,forexample.Inferringawriter’smeaningissometimesimportantintheprocessofunderstandingareadingtext.

　　8Understandingtextorganization

　　Writersstructure,ororganize,theirwritinginmanydifferentways.Recognizingthewayinwhichatexthasbeenorganizedwillhelpyouunderstanditsmeaningmorefully.Awritermaywant,forexample,tooutlineasituation,discussaproblemandproposeasolution.Thiswillusuallyresultinaparticularpatternoforganization.Orawritermaywanttocompareandcontrasttwoideasandwillchooseoneoftwobasicstructurescommonlyusedtocompareandcontrast.

　　Anotherfeaturerelatedtoorganizationisawriter’suseoftime.Togiveanaccountofeventsordescribeaprocess,writerswilloftenuseachronologicalorder,inwhicheventsarerecountedinthesgroupsinwhichtheyhaveoccurred.Otherwriterswillchoosetoorganizeanaccountofeventsindifferentways,perhapswithrepeatedcontrastsbetweenpastandpresenttime.

　　9Assessingawriter’spurpose

　　Onceyouunderstandtheorganizationofatext,youcanthenrecognizethewriter’spurposemoreclearly.Thetextorganizationawriterselectswillpartlydependuponhisorherparticularpurpose.Awritermaywanttoinformorpersuade,andheorshewillselectastructureorpatternoforganizationaccordingtothispurpose.

　　Awritermayalsointendtodobothofthesethingsinawrittentext-toinformaswillaspersuade.Insuchcasesitisoftenhelpfultotrytoassesswhichofthesepurposesseemstobemoreimportantordominant.

　　10Evaluatingawriter’sattitude.

　　Writersarenotnecessarilyneutralorobjectivewhentheywrite,particularlyifthearetryingtopersuadereaderstoagreewiththeiropinions.Itisimportantthatyourecognizewhatanauthor’sattitudeisinrelationtotheideasorinformationbeingpresented.Thisisbecausesuchattitudescaninfluencethewaysinwhichinformationispresented.Youwillbelookingatwaysinwhichawriter’sattitudemaybeidentified.Youwillalsopracticeevaluatinghowrelativelyneutralorbiasedhisorherattitudemaybe.

　　DEMONSTRATION-TEXTANDQUESTIONS

　　Donotreadthefollowingtextandquestionsfirst.GodirectlytotheHowtoAnswersectionwhichwillshowyouthemostefficientwayofansweringthequestions.

　　YOURPOSTOFFICE

　　atyourservice

　　Atourmainofficesweareintroducing,swheresappropriate,anumberofchangestohelpimprovethestandardofserviceprovidedtoourcustomers.

　　Similardevelopmentsaretakingplaceatmanyofouragencyoffices.

　　Improvements:

　　morestaffatpeakperiodsforfasterserviceasinglequeuingsystemforfairerservicespecialservicewindowsforsometransactionsPost-Shopsinmainofficeswiththeirownseparateservicetillforgreetingcards,stationery,stampsandgiftstherefurbishmentofanumberofmainofficestoprovideabetterenvironmentnewvendingmachineservicessuchascash-changemachines,andphonecardandstampdispensersforfasterserviceextendedopeninghoursatselectedmainofficesanewrangeofairpackageservices.Questions1-3Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassageabove?

Write:

　　TRUEifthestatementistrue

　　FALSEifthestatementisfalse

　　NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

　　inthecorrectboxesonyouranswersheet.

　　1.Allofficeswillhavemorestaffthroughouttheday.

　　2.Therewillbespecialservicewindowsforcashtransactionsatallmainoffices.

　　3.Itwillbepossibletoobtainsomeitemsfrommachinesinmanyoffices.

　　Question4

　　UsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSanswerthefollowingquestion.

　　4.Whichchangewillensurethatthecustomersaretreatedmorefairly?

　　Question5

　　ChoosethecorrectanswerbywritingA,B,C,orD.

　　5.Whichofficeswillstayopenlonger?

　　Aalloffices

　　Ballmainoffices

　　Csomemainoffices

　　Dsomeagencyoffices

　　HOWTOANSWER

　　BEFOREYOUANSWERANYQUESTIONS

　　Step1-Lookatthetextquickly（surveythetext）

　　Theheadingtellsyouthatthetextisaboutserviceatpostoffices.Thesub-headingandthepointslistedbelowitshoweightimprovementstotheservices.

　　QUESTION1

　　Step2-Readtheinstructionsandthequestion

　　Theinstructionsforquestions1-3tellyoutowriteTrue,FalseorNotGivenontheanswersheet.

　　Youarelookingforspecificinformationinthepassage.Thekeywordsforquestiononeare:

　　Allofficeswillha