Chapter 3 Evolution and Growth of Tourism.docx
《Chapter 3 Evolution and Growth of Tourism.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Chapter 3 Evolution and Growth of Tourism.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。
Chapter3EvolutionandGrowthofTourism
Chapter3EvolutionandGrowthofTourism
Teachingpurposes
☐Understandthemaincharacteristicsandtypesofpre-moderntourisminthe“western”tradition
☐Explainthebasicdistinctionsandsimilaritiesbetweenpre-modernandmoderntourism
☐AppreciatetheroleofThomasCookandIndustrialRevolutioninbringingaboutthemoderneraoftourism
☐Describethegrowthtrendofinternationaltourismduringthetwentiethcentury
☐Understandtheprimaryfactorsthathavestimulatedthedemandfortourismduringthisperiodoftime,andespeciallysince1950
☐Describeglobalpatternsofeconomicdevelopmentandassociatethesepatternswithdifferentpatternsoftourismdemandandbehavior
☐AppreciateshowemergentcountriessuchasChinaandSouthKoreahaveattemptedtomanagetheiroutboundanddomestictourismflows
☐Identifytheforcesthatcouldpositivelyornegativelyinfluencethefuturegrowthofthetourismindustry
Timeallocation
Chapter1Introduction
（4periods）
Thephenomenonoftourism
1periods
Tourismasanacademicfieldofstudy
1periods
Teachingcontentsbasedontheinterdisciplinarystudy
1periods
Chapteroutlineandrationale
1periods
Teachingprocedure
3.1Theevolutionandgrowthoftourism
Pre-moderntourism（BC1500）
Earlymoderntourism----（1500—1950）
Modernmasstourism----（1950onwards）
3.2Pre-moderntourism（BC1500）
☐Mesopotamia
☐EgyptandtheIndusValley
☐AncientGreece
☐AncientRome
☐TheDarkAges（c.500—1100）
☐TheMiddleAges（c.1100—1500）
3.2.1Mesopotamia
Itisthefirstplaceintheworldwhichexperiencedtravelpatterns.
☐Theagriculturedevelopmentfosteredtheformationofwealthandtheemergenceofasmallleisureclass.
☐Theavailabilityofdiscretionarytimeanddiscretionaryincomewereprobablythetwomostimportantfactorsthatenabledleisuredelitetoengageintourisms.
☐Mesopotamiawasthebirthplaceofmanyfundamentalinventionsandinnovationsthatintroducedboththedemandandabilitytotravelfortourism-relatedpurposes.
3.2.2EgyptandtheIndusValley
☐ThetrappingsandconsequencesofcivilizationgraduallyspreadfromMesopotamiawestwardtoNileValleyandeastwardtotheIndusValley.
☐ItisfromancientEgyptinparticularthatsomeoftheearliestexplicitevidenceofpleasuretourismisfound.
3.2.3AncientGreece
☐TourisminancientGreeceisperhapsbestassociatedwithnationalfestivalssuchastheOlympicGames.
☐ThetransitprocessinancientGreecewasnotapleasantoreasyprocess,becauseofthehighwayrobbersorpirates,andthepoor-conditionroadandaccommodation.
☐Thepropensitytoengageintourismwassociallysanctionedbytheprevalentphilosophyoftheculture（applicableatleasttoeliteadultmalecitizens）
3.2.4AncientRome
☐Withitsimpressivetechnological,economicandpoliticalachievements,ancientRomewasabletoachieveunprecedentedlevelsoftourismactivitythatwouldnotbereachedagainforatleastanother1500years.
A.ThelargepopulationoftheRomanEmpire
B.Thelargeselectionofdestinationchoices
C.Thehighlevelofstabilityandsafetyachieved
D.TheremarkablysophisticatednetworkofRomanmilitaryroads
☐Accompaniedbyamplediscretionarywealthy,theRomanelite’spropensitytotravelonpleasureholidaysgaverisetoan‘industry’ofsorts（thatsuppliedsouvenirs,guidebooks,transport,guides,accommodationandothergoodsandservicestothetraveler）.
☐Thenumberofspecializedtourismsitesanddestinationregionsalsoincreasedsubstantially.（thespas,thebeachresort,secondhomesorvillas）
☐ForRomanswealthyenoughtotravelalongdistance,thehistoricalsitesofearliercultures,especiallythoseoftheGreeks,TrojansandEgyptians,heldthemostinterest.
☐ThegeographicalsophisticationoftheRomanwouldviewisdepictedintheworldmapcompiledinthesecondcenturyADbytheRomangeographer-astronomerPtolemy.（seethePtolemy’sworldmapofthesecondcenturyAD）
3.2.5TheDarkAges（c.500—1100）
☐Travelinfrastructuredeteriorated
☐Thesizesoftheeliteclassesandurbanareasdeclineddramatically
☐TherelativelysafeandopenEuropeoftheRomanswasreplacedbyaproliferationofwarringsemi-statesandlawlessfrontiers
3.2.6TheMiddleAges（c.1100—1500）
☐Christianpilgrimagewasprosperous
A.Eventhepoorestpeopleparticipatedinthisformoftravel,giventheperceivedspiritualandphysicalbenefitstobederivedfromthejourney.
B.Thepartofmostpilgrimswerewillingtoacceptandevenwelcomeahighlevelofriskaspartoftheoverallexperience,sincesufferingcouldconferevengreaterspiritualrewardsupontheparticipant.
☐TheCrusadesalsocontributedtotheearlydevelopmentofthistravelindustry
3.3Earlymoderntourism----（1500—1950）
☐TheRenaissanceofEuropewaswellunderway,heraldingtheemergenceofthemoderneraandtheperiodofearlymoderntourism.
☐Thetraditionalelite,alongwiththeemergingmerchantandprofessionalclasses,displayedapatternofbehaviorroughlycomparabletowhattheRomanshadachieved1500yearsearlier.
☐VillasreappearedthroughouttheItaliancountryside,newresortswereestablished（sparesortsandseasideresorts）
☐Theimprovingtransportationtechnologiesfacilitatedlong-distancetravelwithinEuropeand,gradually,totheEuropeanpossessionsbeyond.
3.3.1TheGrandTour
☐TheGrandtourconstitutesoneofmajorlinksbetweentheMiddleAgesandcontemporarytourism.
☐ManyyoungmenfromthearistocraticclassesoftheUnitedKingdomandtheotherpartsofnorthernEuropeundertookextendtripstocontinentalEuropeforeducationalandculturalpurpose.
☐TherewasnosinglecircuitortimeframethatdefinedtheGrandTour,certaindestinationsfeatureprominently.
3.3.2Seasideresorts
☐Crowdedurbanareasanddifficultworkingconditionsresultedinawidespreaddemandforrecreationalopportunitiesthatwouldtaketheworkersintoamorepleasantandrelaxingenvironment.Domesticseasideresortsemergedtofulfillthisdemand.
☐SeasideresortssuchasBrightonandScarboroughsoonrivaledinlandspatownssuchasBathastouristattractions,withtheaddedadvantagethatthetargetresourcewasvirtuallyunlimited,andtheopportunitiesforspatialexpansionalongthecoastwerenumerous
（Casestudy‘Brighton,England’）
3.3.3ThomasCook
☐ThomasCookisassociatedwiththeemergenceoftourismasamodern,large-scaleindustry,eventhoughitwouldtakeanother150yearsformasstourismtoberealizedonaglobalscale.
1.thefirstexcursionin1841
2.thefirstinternationalexcursionin1863,
3.thefirstround-the-worldexcursionin1872
☐Thoseinternationaltripswerestillverymuchtheprerogativeoftheverywealthy.
☐TheservicesofCook’scompanyinclude:
A.aninclusive,pre-paid,one-feestructurethatcoveredtransportation,accommodation,guides,foodandothergoodsandservices
B.organizeditinerariesbasedonrigidtimeschedules
C.uniformproductsofahighlyprofessionalquality
D.affordableprices,madepossiblebytheeconomiesofscalecreatedthroughlargecustomervolumes
☐ThomasCookwastoapplytheformalproductionprinciplesoftheIndustrialRevolutiontotourism,withstandardized,precisely,timed,commercializedandhigh-volumetourpackagesheraldingthe‘industrialization’ofthesector.
☐ThomasCookcanbedescribedasaneffectivemanagerialpioneeroftheindustrythataccommodatedthedemandfortheseproducts,whilethedevelopmentofattractionsandtouristdestinationssuchastheseasideresortswasamainlyunplannedphenomenon.
☐Today,thepackagetourisoneofthefundamental,taken-for-grantedcomponentsofthemoderntourismindustry.
3.3.4Thepost-Cookperiod（1880-1950）
☐LargelyasaresultofCookandhisadaptationofIndustrialRevolutiontechnologiesandprinciplestothetravelindustry,tourismexpandedsignificantlyfromthe1870sonwards.
☐ThisgrowthwasinitiallyconcentratedinthedomesticsectorofthemoreindustrializedcountriessuchastheUnitedStates,WesternEuropeandAustralia.
☐TheInternationaltourismgrowthinthepost-Cookperiodoftheearlymodernerawaslessrobustthanthedomestictourismsector.
3.4Modernmasstourism----（1950onwards）
☐Therapidgrowthhasbeenexperiencedbytheglobaltourismindustryduringthepost-WorldWarIIeraofmodernmasstourism
☐Therapidgrowthcanbeappreciatedbyexaminingthecontemporarytrendofinboundtouristarrivalsandassociatedrevenues.（theoutboundtouristsandthedomestictourisminformationisfarmoredifficulttoobtain）
3.5Factorsassociatedwithtourismdevelopment
3.5.1Fiveseparatepushfactors
☐Economicfactors
☐Socialfactors
☐Demographicfactors
☐Technologicalfactors
☐Politicalfactors
Economicfactors
Burton'sfourphaseoftourismparticipation
PHASE
ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS
TOURISMPARTICIPATION
One
Mainlysubsistence-basedandpre-industrial
Rural,agrarian
Largegapbetweenpoormassesandsmallelite
Nomassparticipationintourism
Elitetraveltodomesticandinternationaldestinations
Two
Industrializing
Rapidgrowthofurbanareas
Growingmiddleclass
Widespreadparticipationindomestictourism
Increasedscopeofinternationaltourismbyelite
Three
Almostindustrial
Populationmostlyurban
Middleclassbecomingdominant
Massparticipationindomestictourism,andincreaseinshort-haulinternationaltourism
Eliteturntowardslong-haulinternationaltourism
Four
Fullyindustrialized,‘hightech’orientation
Mostlyurban
Highlevelsofaffluencethroughoutthepopulation
Massparticipationindomesticandinternational（long-haulandshort-haul
升级会员 