美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript25Word格式.docx

美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript25Word格式.docx

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rereadinginthiscourseisbyagreatjournalist,NickLemann.It'

scalledRedemption:

TheLastBattleoftheCivilWar.ThereseemstobeacontestrightnowinwritingaboutandpublishingabouttheviolenceofReconstruction.It'

sreallybeendiscoveredbyAmericanpublishersandcertainlybyAmericanwriters.TherearenolessthanthreenewbooksoutoneithertheColfaxMassacre,whichwe'

lltalkaboutinaminute,orwhatLemanndoesmostlyinhisbook,whichisthestoryofMississippi--sometimescalledtheShotgunPolicy,sometimescalledtheMississippiPlan--but,ineffect,acoupd'

é

tatwherebythewhiteDemocratsofMississippitookbackcontrolofthatstate,largelybyterroristviolence,politicalviolence,in1875.Thetitlesofthesebooksstrikeme.Redemption:

TheLastBattleoftheCivilWar.CharlesLane'

sbook,agoodjournalisticpopularwriter,awholebookontheColfaxMassacreentitledTheDayFreedomDied--oneday.Andthere'

sanotherbookbyayoung,NewYorkprivatehighschoolteacher,proofthatgoodbookscanbewrittenbyanyone,TheColfaxMassacre:

TheUntoldStoryofBlackPower,WhiteTerrorandtheDeathofReconstruction.Nowallthosetitlesaretrue.It'

snottheredemption,ofcourse,thatyouhearaboutinBobMarley'

sRedemptionSong,butImightrecommendthatyouputMarleyonwhileyou'

rereadingaboutthisstuff.Itmightbeaniceantidote.No,I'

mnotgoingtosingit.

ButIamgoingtostartwithaverybrieflittlepoem,oneofthebestillustrationsinpoetryIknowof,ofthisideathatrevolutionscangobackward,thatrevolutionsusuallydogobackwards,forawhile,thatrevolutionsalwayscausecounter-revolutions.It'

sapoembyLangstonHughes.Hewroteitrightneartheendofhislife,in1965--notethedate.Heentitledit"

Emancipation,"

andthenasubtitle:

"

LongViewNegro."

Twosimpleverses:

Emancipation,1865,sightedthroughthetelescopeofdreams,loomslarger,somuchlarger,soitseems,thantruthcanbe.Butturnthetelescopearound,lookthroughthelargerend,andwonderwhy,whatwassolargebecomessosmallagain."

Themetaphorispowerful,ifvexing.Lookthroughtheoppositeendofatelescope.Lookbackathistoryandnotforward,andwonderwhywhatwassuchadream,whatwassolarge,canbecomesosmallagain.

Now,whenthatFifteenthAmendmentpassed,thatItalkedaboutbrieflytheotherday,therewerejustamazingcelebrations,whenitwasfinallyratified,in1870,allovertheplace.I'

llonlyciteacouple.GrantinhisMessagetoCongressineffectsaidReconstructionwasnowlargelyover.FrederickDouglass,thoughhewasn'

tthrilledwiththefactthatitwasthemostconservativeversionoftheFifteenthAmendmentandsoon,neverthelesssaid,"

Wecannowbreatheanewatmosphere;

wehaveanewearthbeneathandanewskyabove."

That'

sadream.OneRepublicannewspapercalleditthenation'

ssecondbirth;

secondfounding.AndWendellPhillips,againtheMassachusettsabolitionist,saiditwasnowtherealbirthdayofthenationbecausenowtheDeclarationofIndependenceappliedtoall.Now,thatwasplacingagreatdealofhopeinasomewhatlimitedamendment,tosaytheleast.

That'

s1870.Nowgoaheadjustfiveyearswithme.ThisistheperiodnowofSouthernredemption,definedofcourseastheSouthernwhiteDemocraticParty'

scounter-revolutionintakingbackcontrolofitsstategovernments.HappensveryquicklyinsomeSouthernstates.Someareredeemedasearlyas1870bytheDemocratsandthelastthreeorsonotuntil1876/77.Butthinkofwhatyoujustheardthere,thatalmostunfathomablehope,rootedinthisVotingRightsAmendment,andthenlistentothisstatementfromthefloorofCongressbyoneofthemostbrilliantyoungblackpoliticianswhogothimselfelected--amongthosehundredswhogotelected,amongthesixteenwhogotelectedtoCongress--JohnRoyLynch,aformerslave,self-taught,heeducatedhimself;

likeFrederickDouglassthere'

smysteriesaboutthebrillianceofthisguy.Buthe'

selectedtoCongresswhenhe'

stwenty-six,fromMississippi,underMississippi'

sRadicalReconstructiongovernment,solongasitlasted.He'

sstilltherein1875,andontheflooroftheCongress--whichwasthen,asyou'

llseeinamoment,afterthe'

74Election,nowruledbyamajorityofDemocrats--helooksthemintheeyeandhesays,"

Thinkofitforamoment,mycolleagues.WhenIleavemyhomeinMississippitocometothecapitalofthenationtotakepartinthedeliberationsofthisHouse,andtoparticipatewithyouinmakinglawsforthegovernmentofthisgreatrepublic,Iamtreated,notasanAmericancitizen,butasabrute,forcedtooccupyafilthysmokingcar,bothnightandday,withdrunkards,gamblersandcriminals,andforwhat?

NotthatIamunableorunwillingtopaymyway,notthatIamobnoxiousinmypersonalappearanceordisrespectfulinmyconduct,butsimplybecauseIhappentobeofadarkercomplexion."

Nowhere'

stheironyandthepoint.ThemajorityofthosemenhewasspeakingtothatdayintheCongress,intheirminds,whentheyheardhim,totheextenttheylistenedwhenhesaidthat,Ithinkwecansafelyassumewerethinking,"

yeah,that'

sjustexactlythewayyoushouldbetreated."

Now,to1873forthemoment.Thedayfreedomdied,accordingtoCharlesLane'

sbook,isthedayoftheColfaxMassacre.Thatday--Iwouldn'

tquitesayfreedomdiedononeday,that'

salittleahistorical,butsobeit;

that'

sprobablyapublisher'

stitlemorethananauthor'

stitle.ButApril14,1873isinsomewaysoneofthosedayswecouldcallinAmericanhistoryadayofinfamy.TheSupremeCourtthatday--atleastit'

sthedateofthedecision,eventhoughitwasEasterSunday--handeddownitsdecision,fivetofour,intheSlaughterhouseCases,so-called,acollectionoffivecasesthatcameoutofLouisiana,whichwasthecourt'

sfirstmajorrulingontheCivilWarAmendments,onthemeaningoftheThirteenth,theFourteenthandineffecttheFifteenthAmendments.Thatday,thesameday,EasterSunday,inColfax,Louisiana--atown,notverybig,namedforSchuylerColfax,theVice-PresidentoftheUnitedStatesintheGrantAdministration--inGrantParish--renamedbytheRepublicanregimeforUlyssesGrant--thelargestmassmurderofAmericanseverinAmericanhistoryoccurred,inthepoliticalviolencestemmingfromthedividedelectioninLouisiana,backinthefallof1872.Now9/11ofcoursekilledmoreAmericans.Wecangetcaughtupincategoriesofwhatisdomesticviolenceandforeignviolenceandsoforth,butthisisthelargestmassmurderofAmericansinourhistory,sofaraswecantell.ThatdividedelectionproducedineffecttwocompetinggovernmentsinLouisiana:

theRepublicanregimewhichdidwintheelection,forallpracticalpurposes,inspiteofthetremendouspoliticalviolencecommittedagainstparticularlyblackvotersinthatfall'

72election;

butaso-calledFusionticketofbasicallyakindofwhitesupremacistcoalitionalsoclaimedtobethelegitimategovernmentofLouisiana.Andinthissituationofessentiallyanongoingvigilantewar,throughoutmanyoftheparishes,counties,ofLouisiana,astandofftookplaceinColfax.I'

llcomebacktothatinamoment.

ButbacktotheSlaughterhouseCasethatcamedownthatday.Itwas,intheend,atestingofthePrivilegesandImmunitiesClauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.In1869theCityofNewOrleans,underitsRepublicanstategovernment,createdacorporationtomovetheslaughterhouseofNewOrleans--thereactuallyhadneverbeenalegitimateslaughterhouseinNewOrleans.WhatthebutchersofNewOrleanswoulddo,thewhitebutchersofNewOrleanswoulddo,isthey'

dherdthehogsthroughthestreetsofNewOrleansandbasicallythey'

dbutcherthethingswherevertheywantedto,andtheyalwaysthrewallthe--thisgetsugly--alloftheoffalfromthehogsintotheMississippiRiver,upriverfromthecity,beforetheriverreachedthemainwaterpipelineintothecity.Thishadlongbeenaproblem,longbeenaseriesofcomplaints.Andsothiswasanattemptatcleangovernmentandcleancities.Thecity,andthestatebackingitup,createdacorporationthatcreatedanewslaughterhouse.TheymoveditacrosstheMississippiRiveranddownstreamfromthecity,forhealthreasons.Theyputinastate-appointedinspector,andthewhitebutchersofNewOrleanswereangry.Somebutchersandsomecriticschargedthiswasamonopolyandanunfairpractice.Twenty-fivebutchersbroughtsuit,withsupportfromtherevivingDemocraticParty--whitebutchers.Thelowercourtsinthisparticularsuitfoundinfavorofthenewcorporation.ItwasappealedtotheU.S.SupremeCourt.Itgotonthedocketin'

72.ItwasdecidedApril14,1873.Itwasafive-to-fourdecision.Seeminglyonthesurface,whenyoureadit--it'

slikemanycourtdecisions,it'

sabitboringatfirst;

fivecasesfrombutchersandsoonandsoon,andyouwonderwhatthehell'

sthisabout?

Thenyoukeepreadingandyourealizeitbecameafundamentaldecision.

JusticeSamuelMiller,forthemajority,arguedthattheThirteenthandFourteenthAmendmentswereintended--thiswasthegoodpartofthedecision--toendslaveryandadvancetherightsofthefreedmen.Buthemadeasharp--inotherwords,nottoprotectabunchofwhitebutchersinNewOrleans.Andbytheway,theleadlawyer,forthebutchers,intheSlaughterhouseCases,wasnoneotherthanamannamedJohnA.Campbell,aGeorgia-born,formermemberoftheSupremeCourt.Hehadbeenpartofthesix-manmajorityintheDredScottdecisionof1857;

resignedhispositionintheU.S.SupremeCou