生态学英文题库.docx

生态学英文题库.docx

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生态学英文题库

CHAPTER7EvolutionandAdaptation

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

MULTIPLECHOICE

1.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

easy

Differentformsofaparticulargeneareknownas

a.chromosomes.

b.alleles.

c.polygenic.

d.pleiotropic.

Answer:

b

2.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

easy

Atraitthatisdeterminedbymultiplegenesisreferredtoas

a.polygenic.

b.pleiotropic.

c.homozygous.

d.heterozygous.

Answer:

a

3.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

medium

Chickenswiththedominantalleleatthefrizzlegeneproducecurlyfeathers,haveveryhighbodytemperature,andlayfeweggs.Thisisanexampleof

a.polygenictraits.

b.pleiotropy.

c.epistasis.

d.randomassortment.

Answer:

b

4.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

medium

Twoofthegenesthataffectcoatcolorinhorsesaretheextensiongeneandthecreamdilutiongene.ThedominantEalleleattheextensiongenegeneratesblackcoats,whiletherecessiveealleleproducesredcoats.ThecoatcolorcausedbytheextensiongeneisnotalteredifthehorseisahomozygotefortheCalleleatthecreamdilutiongene.However,ifthehorseisahomozygotefortheCCralleleatthecreamdilutiongene,itwillhaveawhitecoatregardlessoftheextensiongenotype.Thisinteractionbetweentheextensionandthecreamdilutiongeneisanexampleof

a.pleiotropy.

b.epistasis.

c.codominance.

d.randomassortment.

Answer:

b

5.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

difficult

Whichofthefollowingtypesofallelewouldweexpecttohavethelowestfrequencyinapopulation?

a.beneficialrecessiveallele

b.beneficialdominantallele

c.harmfulrecessiveallele

d.harmfuldominantallele

Answer:

d

6.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

medium

Consideragenethataffectsfurcolorinmice.Thisgenehastwoalleles,Aanda.IfAAmicehavewhitefur,Aamicehavegrayfur,andaamicehaveblackfur,howwouldwedescribetheeffectofthesealleles?

a.Aisdominantandaisrecessive.

b.Aisrecessiveandaisdominant.

c.Aandaarecodominant.

d.Aandaareepistatic.

Answer:

c

7.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

medium

Consideragenethataffectsnumberofseedsinaplant.Thisgenehastwoalleles,Gandg.IfGGplantsproduce50seeds,Ggplantsproduce50seeds,andggplantsproduce25seeds,howwouldwedescribetheeffectofthesealleles?

a.Gisdominantandgisrecessive.

b.Gisrecessiveandgisdominant.

c.Gandgarecodominant.

d.Gandgarepolygenic.

Answer:

a

8.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

easy

Whattermreferstotheallelesofallofthegenesofeveryindividualinapopulation?

a.polygenic

b.heterozygous

c.genepool

d.randomassortment

Answer:

c

9.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

easy

Whatprocesscreatesnewallelesinapopulation?

a.randomassortment

b.mutation

c.recombination

d.epistasis

Answer:

b

10.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

difficult

Formutationsthatenterapopulationofadiploidorganism,whichtypeofmutationismostlikelytobeaffectedbynaturalselectionwhenitfirstappears?

a.synonymousmutation

b.nonsynonymousrecessivemutation

c.nonsynonymousdominantmutation

d.Allareequallylikelytobeaffectedbynaturalselection.

Answer:

c

11.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

easy

TheshufflingofgenesthatoccurswhenDNAiscopiedduringmeiosisisknownas

a.recombination.

b.mutation.

c.randomassortment.

d.epistasis.

Answer:

a

12.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

easy

Whattermdescribesmakingnewcombinationsofallelesusingexistinggeneticvariationacrossmanychromosomes?

a.pleiotropy

b.epistasis

c.randomassortment

d.mutation

Answer:

c

SHORTANSWER

13.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

medium

Clonalanimalsdonotreshuffletheirgenesthroughgeneticrecombination,whereassexuallyreproducinganimalsdo.Explainhowthisdifferencecouldaffecthowpathogensinteractwithclonalanimalsandhowtheyinteractwithsexuallyreproducinganimals.

Answer:

Sincerecombinationcreatesnewgenotypeseverygeneration,pathogenscannotbecomefullyadaptedtothegenotypesofsexuallyreproducinganimals.Becauserecombinationdoesnotoccurinclonalanimals,theygainnewgeneticvariationonlythroughmutation,whichisaveryrareprocess.Thuspathogenscanmoreeasilyadapttothegeneticvariationinclonalanimals.

14.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

difficult

Describethedifferencebetweensynonymousandnonsynonymousmutation.Whichtypeismorelikelytobeaffectedbynaturalselection,andwhy?

Answer:

Asynonymousmutationdoesnotaffectanorganism’sphenotype,whereasanonsynonymousmutationdoesaffectphenotype.Naturalselectionactsonvariationamongphenotypes,andsonaturalselectionwillactonlyonnonsynonymousmutations,becausetheyaretheonlymutationsthataffectanorganism’sphenotype.

15.Topic:

Theprocessofevolutiondependsongeneticvariation.

Level:

difficult

Manygeneticdiseaseshavesevereorlethaleffectsinthehomozygousform,yetallelesforthesediseasesarenotentirelyremovedbynaturalselection.Explainhowdominancerelationshipsamongallelesallowdeleteriousmutationstoremaininapopulation.

Answer:

Whengeneticdiseasesarecausedbyrecessivealleles,theydoharmtothecarrieronlyinthehomozygousform.Theheterozygotesdonotexpressthedeleteriousphenotype,andthusheterozygotesdonothavereducedfitness.Deleteriousgeneticdiseasesthuscanremaininthepopulationbecausetheyarenotselectedagainstintheheterozygousform.

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

MULTIPLECHOICE

16.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

easy

Aprocessthatoccurswhengeneticvariationislostbecauseofrandomvariationinmating,mortality,fecundity,andinheritanceisknownas

a.mutation.

b.geneticdrift.

c.stabilizingselection.

d.disruptiveselection.

Answer:

b

17.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

medium

Therateatwhichallelefrequencieschangebecauseofgeneticdriftis

a.highestinlargepopulations.

b.thesameregardlessofpopulationsize.

c.highestinintermediate-sizedpopulations.

d.highestinsmallpopulations.

Answer:

d

18.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

medium

Considerthreepopulationsofaplantspecies,eachisolatedfromotherpopulationsofthesamespecies.PopulationXhascontainedapproximately100individualsineachgenerationforthepast200generations.PopulationYhascontainedapproximately10,000individualsineachgenerationforthepast200generations.PopulationZhascontainedapproximately1millionindividualsineachgenerationforthepast200generations.Ifgeneticdriftistheonlyevolutionaryprocessactingonthesepopulations,howcanweexpecttheamountofgeneticvariationtodifferamongthesepopulations?

a.Xwillhavethehighestvariation,Ywillhaveintermediatevariation,andZwillhavethelowestvariation.

b.Xwillhavethelowestvariation,Ywillhaveintermediatevariation,andZwillhavethehighestvariation.

c.XandZwillhavehighvariation,whileZwillhavelowvariation.

d.Allthreepopulationswillhavethesameamountofgeneticvariation.

Answer:

b

19.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

medium

Whichis（are）correctaboutfoundereffect?

I.Foundereffectoccurswhenindividualsaretransplantedtoanewlocation.

II.Foundereffectproducesnewalleles.

III.Foundereffectreducesgeneticvariation.

a.Ionly

b.IIonly

c.IIIonly

d.IandII

e.IandIII

Answer:

e

20.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

medium

Considerasituationinwhichoverharvestingcausesthenumberoffishinapopulationtobecomedrasticallysmaller,whichcausesgeneticvariationinthatfishtodecreaseoverafewgenerations.Thisisanexampleof

a.bottleneckeffect.

b.foundereffect.

c.directionalselection.

d.recombination.

Answer:

a

21.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

medium

Thefourplotsinthefigureshowpossiblerelationshipsbetweenthesurvivalandbeaklengthinanislandpopulationofbirds.Whichplotisanexampleofdisruptiveselection?

a.plota

b.plotb

c.plotc

d.plotd

Answer:

c

22.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

medium

Sticklebackfishexhibitvariationinamorphologicaltraitknownasgillrakers.Fishwithlonggillrakersareverygoodateatingplankton,andfishwithshortgillrakersaregoodateatingdeep-waterinvertebrates.However,fishwithintermediate-lengthgillrakersarepoorateatingeithertypeoffood.Fishthatarebetteratconsumingfoodhavehighersurvivalandreproductionratesthanpoorerconsumers.Basedonthisinformation,whattypeofselectionislikelyactingonsticklebackgillrakerlength?

a.nonaturalselection

b.stabilizingselection

c.disruptiveselection

d.directionalselection

Answer:

c

23.Topic:

Evolutioncanoccurthroughrandomprocessesorthroughselection.

Level:

difficult

Whenaparental