美国文学选读第三版作者与作品名Word格式文档下载.docx

美国文学选读第三版作者与作品名Word格式文档下载.docx

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2,Itschiefaimisbeauty,namely,toproduceafeelingofbeautyinthereader.

3,“thedeathofabeautifulwomanis,unquestionably,themostpoeticaltopicintheworld.”

4,Poeisopposedto“theheresyofthedidactic”andcallsfor“pure”poetry

5,Poestressesrhythm,anddeclaresthat“musicistheperfectionofthesoul,oridea,ofpoetry.”

短篇小说：

《厄舍大厦的倒塌>

“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”

阿芒提拉多的酒桶〉“TheCaskofAmontillado”

3.Emerson爱默生

论自然〉Nature宣扬超验主义代言人哲学

《论美国学者》“TheAmericanScholar”地位：

文学界独立宣言

《神学院致辞》“TheDivinitySchoolAddress”

4.Hawthorne霍桑

代表作：

《红字》TheScarletLetter

带有七个尖角阁的房子〉TheHouseoftheSevenGables

玉石雕像〉TheMarbleFaun

5．Melville梅尔维尔

《白鲸》MobyDick

《玛地》Mardi

《白外衣》WhiteJacket

6．Thoreau梭罗

《沃尔登》Walden

《论公民的不服从》“OntheDutyofCivilDisobedience”

马萨诸塞州的奴隶制〉“SlaveryinMassachusetts”

7whiteman:

沃尔特惠特曼

freeverse【Freeverse】isaformofpoetrythatrefrainsfromconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.

Somepoetshaveexplainedthatfreeverse,despiteitsfreedom,muststilldisplaysomeelementsofform.Mostfreeverse,forexample,self-evidentlycontinuestoobserveaconventionofthepoeticlineinsomesense,atleastinwrittenrepresentations,thusretainingapotentialdegreeoflinkage,howevernebulous,withmoretraditionalforms.DonaldHallgoesasfarastosaythat"

theformoffreeverseisasbindingandasliberatingastheformofarondeau."

[1]andT.S.Eliotwrote,"

Noverseisfreeforthemanwhowantstodoagoodjob."

[2]

Somepoetshaveconsideredfreeverserestrictiveinitsownway.In1922RobertBridgesvoicedhisreservationsintheessay'

HumdrumandHarum-Scarum.'

RobertFrostlaterremarkedthatwritingfreeversewaslike"

playingtenniswithoutanet"

.

;

LeavesofGras

mainworks:

“LeavesofGras”草叶集

“One’sSelfISing”我歌唱自我

“OCaptain!

MyCaptain”噢，船长，我的船长

在草叶集中采用自由诗的诗歌形式，完全冲破了传统诗歌的限制，既没有诗行长短的规定也无对应的押韵，诗歌的节拍是按照日常说话的自然节奏，变化无常，出神入化，充满了个性。

•LeavesofGrass,eitherincontentorinform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature:

itsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism,anditsfree-verseformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewroadforAmericanpoetry.Hethoughtthatthevoicesofdemocracyshouldnotbehalteredbyconventionalformsofpoetry.

8,EmilyDichinson艾米莉.狄金森

Mainwork:

：

“ToMakeaPrairie”要描绘一片草原

“SuccessIsCountedSweetest”最美妙的胜利感觉

“I’mNobody”我是无名之辈

MostofDickinson’spoemsareshort,andsometimesevenwhimsical.However,herpoemsareclever,wittyandlively.Theyshowcloseobservation,intensityandmasteryofart.Herpoetryisfilledwithfreshandstrangeimages,illuminatingandexquisitemetaphors,throughwhichdistantandimportantevents,complicatedfeelingsandprofoundphilosophicalthoughtsareexpressed.

v狄金森的诗歌有很大的局限性，不像惠特曼那样包罗万象。

但她在摆脱旧诗体、创造新诗形式方面与惠特曼不谋而合。

她的诗歌诗行不多，口语色彩浓厚，不强调韵律，常常押半韵或完全不押韵，没有标点符号，也不受语法限制，但意象鲜明活泼，来自生活却又富有新意。

虽然她的诗歌以描写日常生活的普通事物为主，但内容深邃，别具一格。

由于她经常探讨的有关死亡、爱情、自然、永恒、人的自我本质和宗教信仰等主题是20世纪诗人关心的问题，因此，她对现代派诗歌影响较大，被誉为美国20世纪新诗的先驱。

1955年出版的《艾米莉·

狄金森诗集》确立了狄金森在美国文学史上的重要地位。

9MarkTwain:

Mainwork:

“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝里。

费恩历险记

TheGildedAge镀金时代

Localcolor是他的小说的突出特点，表现了一个地区的语言特点，习俗和生活方式。

Style:

Hisarticleswerepopularandwerefamousforhiswritingsaboutadventuresofboysandhiswritingsonassailing（痛斥）man’sshortcomingsandfalsenesses（虚伪）.

10HenryJames:

Internationaltheme:

“international”themeofthetraditionlessAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityofEuropeanlife.American

Mainworks:

DaisyMiller黛西米勒ThePortraitofaLady一个女士的画像

三部曲：

TheWingsoftheDove鸽翼TheAmbassadors专使TheGoldenBowl金碗

11StephenCrane:

⏹Maggie:

AGirloftheStreet（1893）,thefirstworkofAmericanliteraryNaturalism街头女郎麦姬

⏹TheRedBadgeofCourage（1895）红色英勇勋章

⏹TheOpenBoat海上扁舟

Oneoftherepresntativesofnaturalism:

StephenCrane,FrankNorris,andTheodoreDreiser

基本概念：

1.Puritanismorpurtainthoughts：

1AmericanPuritanismreferstothebeliefsandpracticesofthosePuritanswhocameoutofdifferentreasonstotheNewContinentandsettledinwhatisnowtheUnitedStates.

2.TheFeaturesofRomanticism：

AmericanRomanticism

☐1.Historicalbackground

（1）Americandevelopment

（2）NewEnglandTranscendentalMovement

（3）Americanwestwardexpansion

2.Generalcharacteristics

（1）AmericanRomanticwritingsarederivative

（a）Emphasisontheimaginativeandemotionalqualityofliterature

（b）Advocationoffreeexpressionofemotionsanddisplayofthepsychicstatesofthecharacters

（c）Exaltationoftheindividualandthecommonman

（d）Fascinationaboutthepastandtheexotic

（2）AmericanRomanticwritingshavedistinctfeatures

（a）Nationalexperienceof"

pioneeringintothewest"

（b）Theroleofnature/Americanlandscape

（c）Puritanmorality

（d）Transcendentalphilosophy

3Transcendentalism

4Termsaboutthepoetry

Theelementsofpoetrywhichcreatemusicality

1.Meter---thebeatorrhythm（节奏）ofthepoem.Itisthepatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesusedinthepoem.

Meterisshownbyavisualcode.Theaccentmark（‵）indicatesthestressedsyllables,themark（ˇ）indicatesanunstressedsyllable.

CertaincombinationsofthesesyllablesaremostfrequentlyemployedinEnglishverse.Oneunit,orcombination,iscalledafoot.Thefollowingarethebasicmetricfeet.

2.Rhyme（韵律）---（orrime）---therepetitionofsimilar（orduplicate）soundsatregularintervals.（Usuallythisrepetitionoccursattheendsoflines）

1）Endrhyme---rhymefoundattheendsofverselines.

Ex.Thouill-formedoffspringofmyfeeblebrain,

Whoafterbirthdid’stbymysideremain.

2）Internalrhyme---thisisrhymecontainedwithinalineofverse

Ex.Thelonglightshakesacrossthelakes.

3）Slantrhyme---aninexactrhymewherethefinalconsonantsoundsarethesamebutthevowelsoundsaredifferent.

Andbyhissmile,Iknewthatsullenhall,

ByhisdeadsmileIknewwestoodinhell.

4）Eyerhyme---therhymeoftwowordslookasiftheyhadrhyme,butdonot,suchas“move”and“love.”

5）Femininerhyme---rhymeinwhichtwoconsecutivesyllablesoftherhyme-wordsmatch.Thefirstsyllablecarriesthestress.Femininethymeaddslightnesstoapoem.

Ex.Wepoetsinouryouthbeginingladness,

Butthereofcomeintheenddespondencyandmadness

6）Masculinethyme---thethymeofone-syllablewordsor,inthecaseofwordsofmorethanonesyllable,therhymingofstressedfinalsyllables

Ex.Thegrave’safineandprivateplace,

Butnone,Ithink,dothereembrace.

7）Alliteration---repetitionoftwoormoreinitialconsonantsoundsinwordswithinaline.

Ex.Seasonofmistsandmellowfruitfulness!

5AmericanRealism

RealisminAmerica

HistoricalBackground

⏹1.Bythe1870sNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.HawthorneandThoreauweredead.Emerson,Longfellow,andotherNewEnglandcelebrities,thoughstillwriting,wereoldandfeeble.Melvillehadceasedtopublish.Dickinsonhadnotbeenbroughttolight.OftheoldergenerationWhitmanaloneremainedactive,asolitarysingerinthefieldwithhisLeavesofGrass.TheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.

⏹2.NorthernindustrialismhadtriumphedoverSouthernagrarianism.（atimeofsteelandsteam,theageofautomobile）

⏹3.Socialcontradictionbecameintense.（ThegildedAge）

⏹4.CommunicationwithEuropeancountries

⏹5.Americanssettledthelastofthefirstforty-eightstates.

6Naturalism:

ItbeganinFranceinthemiddleofthe19thcenturyandprevailedinEngland,FranceandtheUnitedStatesattheturnofthe20thcentury.ItsfounderwasZola,Frenchnovelist.

Naturalism

⏹Naturalismisaliterarymovement,whichisregardedbymanyasrelatedtobutdifferentform,realism.ItbeganinFranceinthemiddleofthe19thcenturyandprevailedinEngland,FranceandtheUnitedStatesattheturnofthe20thcentury.ItsfounderwasZola,Frenchnovelist.

⏹Naturalisticwritersheldthatman’sexistenceisshapedbyheredityandenvironmentoverwhichhehasnocontrolandplaysinthemovementemphasizedtheanimalnatureofmanandportrayedcharactersengrossedinahelplessbrutalstruggleforsurvivalinacoldworldfullofthecrushingforcesofenvironmentandheredity.Unlikerealisticwriters,naturalistsattemptedtoachievefidelity（真实）tonaturebyrejectingidealizedportrayalsoflife.Realistsobservedageneralsituationandinventedincidentswhichwouldmakethatsituationvivid,whilenaturalistsfollowedZola’sprinciplethatanovelistdissectandanalyzehissubjectswithdispassionate,scientificaccuracyandminuteness,anddidnotallowtoinvent.Thelanguageusedinliterature,fornaturalists,mustbetheactuallanguageusedbythepeoplehewasdescribing.Anovelistmustnotonlycollectallthepossiblefactsbutmustpresentthosefactsasexactlyastheyhadoccurred.

TheRepresentativesofNaturalism

⏹AmongadherentsofnaturalismaretheAmericannovelists:

StephenCrane,FrankNorris,andTheodoreDreiser.SomeworksofEarnestHemingway,EugeneO’Neil,WilliamFaulkner,andThomasHardyalsobearsomeofthefeaturesofnaturalism.

文本赏析

MobyDick

Thetheme:

Themes:

Revengeracismpoliticstherelationshipbetweenmenandnatureobsessionisolationcourage

ThecharacterofAhab

“TheOpenBoat”,

firstpublishedin1897,wasactually