第 09单元 数词及量词Word格式.docx
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Itismoredifficult.(修饰形容词)
Heworkslessdiligentlythanyou.(修饰另一副词)
Heismoreinlovewithherthanheseems.(修饰介词短语)(只有量词可用作副词,数词不能。
当量词和数词用作代词和名词时,它们仍具有形容词的特点,前面可以有一个副词(多为程度副词)修饰它们:
Veryfewcanunderstandthispoem.
Notmuchhasbeensaid.
Heisnotsatisfiedwithsolittle.
Onlythreehavecome.
Isayasmuch.
Heknowsbutlittle.
Hewantsmuchmore.
Iwantalittleless.
Johncansupplyuswithagreatdealmore.
Few(或some,many,several,most)ofthecities和few(或some等)cities是不同的。
前者表示整个数目中的一部分,而后者没有这种意义。
同样,little(或much,some,most)oftherice和little(或much等)rice也是不同的。
前者表示整个数量中的一部分。
不过littleofdanger,moreofcourage,theleastofwork和littledanger,morecourage,theleastwork却有相同意思。
抽象概念无法分成若干部分,加上of只是出于音韵上的考虑。
“be+量词+of”可表示各种程度的肯定与否定:
Heismuchofascholar.(=Heisquiteascholar.)
Heislittle(ornothing)ofadoctor.(=Heishardlyornotadoctor.)
Johnwasalittleofaliar.(=Johnwasratheraliar.)
Johnwasmoreofabusinessmanthanapainter.(=Hewasratherabusinessmanthanapainter.)
Itislessofaschoolthanaprison.(=Itisratheraprisonthanaschool.)
Itisnotsomuchaschoolasaprison.(意思与上句相同)
Itisnotenoughofagoodmachine.
Itistoomuchofagoodthing.
(比较:
Youcannothavetoomuchofagoodthing.)
“see+量词+of”表示看见某人的频率:
Isawmuchofhim.(=Ioftensawhim.)
Isawlittleofhim.(=Iseldomsawhim.)
Ihaveseenmuchlessofhimthisyear.
Didyouseeagreatdealofhim?
IsawquitealotofMary.
Isawnothingofhim.
Ihaveseenenoughofher.
ThiswasthelastIsawofhim.
Ihavecometoseethelastofyou.
ItwasthefirstIeversawofMary.
数词可以表示不定数目,如many,few,alargenumberof;
也可表示固定数目,如seven,tenthousandandone,twothirds.量词基本上表示不定数量,如much,alargequantityofagreatdealof。
它们若含有数词,也可表示固定数量,如fivepoundsof,sixboxesof,twospoonfulsof.下面我们将首先讨论不定数词和量词,然后讨论固定数词与量词。
Ⅱ.不定数词和量词
A.Many
Many(=alargenumberof)最常用在1)否定词,2)so,3)too,4)as和5)how后面:
1)Hedoesnotknowmanybusinessmen.
Hehasneverbeeninmanyplaces.
2)Heknowssomanypeople.
3)Youhavemadetoomanymistakes.
4)Youcanbuyasmanybooksasyoulike.
5)Howmanystarscanyousee?
还可用在6)问句,7)whether或if引出从句中:
6)Hashemanyrdlatives?
Doeshemeetmanypeople?
7)Idoubt(wonder)whetherhehasmanyfriends.
Idoubtifheknowsmanypeople.
此外还用来8)修饰主语或9)充任主语:
8)Manystudentscomehereduringthevacation.
9)Manycomehereduringthevacation.
也可用在10)副词短语(状语)中:
10)Hehasdoneitformanyyearsandinmanyways.
在其他情况下通常要用
11)numerous,agreatmany,alargenumberof,lotsof,alotof或plentyof代替many:
11)Hereadsalotofbooks,awholelotof(moreemphatic)newspapers.
Hehasagreatmanydogsondagoodmanycats.
JohnknowsplentyofpeopleandanynumberofVIPs.
不过在书面语中,12)many可以自由使用:
12)Hereadsmanybooks.(书面语)
Johnknowsmanypeople.(书面语)
注:
much的使用方法与many相近,只是意义不同。
Many可用作限制形容词,表示“许多”:
Hehasmadefivemistakesinasmany(=five)sentences.
Shehaswaitedforhimthreedays.Theyseemtobeasmany(=three)years.
Thereareasmanymindsastherearemen.
Thechildrenonthattreearelikesomany(=likethesamenumberof)monkeys.
Heconsideredhisenemiesassomanyfriends.
Heisalwaystellingyousomany(=suchandsuchanumberof)sonsofhisspendsomanydollarsayear.
Youmustremembersomanygallonsofwatershouldbeusedwithsomanypoundsofsugar.
Agreatmany(=Verymany)familiesinthiscitycomefromthenorth.
Hehaswaitedmanyaday(=manydays).(书面语)
Manyandmanyachildwas(=Many,manychildrenwere)killedduringthewar.
也可用作补语:
Hisfriendsarenotmany.(这样用时较少)
Theyaretoomanytoenumerate.
Johnisonetoomany(=notneeded).
Heisonetoomany(=ormuch)for(=stronger,clevererthan)me.
用作代词或名词:
Heboughtapplesyesterdayandfoundsomanyrotten.
Orangesaresoldatsomany(=acertainnumber)foradollar.
Wehavetwoforkstoomany.
Youhavegivenmethreetoomany.
Weshallneedasmanyagain(=asmanymore,twiceasmany).
Shouldthemany(=themultitude,themasses)workforthefew?
B.Few
Few可用作限制形容词,表示“很少”:
Hehasveryfew(=notmany,asmallnumberof)friends.
Few,ifany(=almostno),studentspassed.
Therearefewornohonestmen.
Aretheremanypeopleinthisvillage?
No,therearefew(=orbut[a]few,onlyfew,preciousfew)(people).
Arethereanypeople?
Yes,thereareafew(people).
Hisfriendsareveryfew.(这样用时很少)
Theseopportunitiesarefewandfarbetween(=veryrare).
Thesetreeswerefewandfarbetween.
还可用作代词或名词:
Manystudentstooktheexam,butfewpassed.
Fewornoneofthemarewillingtohelpanyone.
Thisauthorhasfewreaders,butissatisfiedwiththefew(=thesefewreaders).
Thejudgementofthefew(=theminority)isnotalwayswrong.
Onlythefortunatefew(people)canvisitthisrestaurant.
Fewofthesepaintingsareworthmorethantendollars.
C.Afew
Afew可用作限制形容词,表示“几个”,“少数”:
Arethereanystreetsinthisvillage?
No,therearenone(=nostreets),butthereareafewpaths.
Arethereanystreetsinthatvillage?
Yes,thereareafew(orsomefew)streets,butthereareveryfewgoodones.
Agoodfew(=orQuiteafew,Notafew,Nofew)adventurersdiedinadventure.(=Afairnumberofadventurers…)
“Iliketoreadthosefewbooks.”“Whichfewbooks?
”
“Myfather’sfewnovels.”
Thereareonlyafewgangstersinthiscity,butthefewgangstershavecausedplentyoftrouble.
Thegunsroaredeveryfew(=everyseveral)minutes.
D.Much
Much只能用来修饰不可数名词,表示“很多”,而many用来修饰可数名词,但两者的用法是差不多的(参阅489节)。
much常可用在1)否定句,2)so,3)too,4)as和5)how后;
还可用在6)问句,7)whether和if引出的从句中,还可用来8)修饰主语,或9)充当主语,也可用在10)副词短语中。
在其他情况下通常被11)plentyof,alotof等代替,但在书面语中12)可自由使用。
1)Hedoesnotdrinkmuchcoffee.
Heneverdidmuchwork.
2)Heatesomuchfood.
3)Youdrinktoomuchwine.
4)Youcanspendasmuchmoneyasyoumay.
5)Howmuchbenefitcanweget?
6)Doeshehavemuchtime?
7)Idoubtwhetherhehasmuchtime.
8)Muchmoneyandtimehasbeenspent.
9)Muchhasbeenspent.
10)Thisproblemmustbehandledwithmuchcourage.
11)Hehaseatenplentyofbread.
12)Weusemuchwatertocleanthehouse.(书面语)
Much可用作限制形容词:
Hewouldtellyouagainandagainthathecouldearnsomuch(=acertainamountof)moneyamonth.
Helookedonthatliquorassomuchpoison.
Tohim,kindnesstowardhisenemiesissomuchcrueltytowardhisownfriends.
Muchgoodmayitdoyou!
(放在句首有讥讽意味)
Muchcourageyouhave!
(=Youareacoward!
Much可用作补语:
Hisdesireisnotmuch.
Heistoomuchfor(=stronger,clevererthan)me.
Thisbookistoomuchfor(=toodifficultfor)anyone.
Much还可用作代词或名词:
Muchofthesugarwasspoiled.
Howmuchisthisapound?
(=Whatisthepriceofthisforeachpound?
Thechilddrankwaterandmuchhasbeenspilled.
Ididnotseemuchofher.(=Iseldomsawher.)
Heeatsmuch,drinksmuchandearnsmuch,too.
Thismuchisenough.Cutthatmuchoff.
Toomuchisasbadasnoneatall.
Theplandidnotamount(orcome)tomuch(=meanorproduceanythinggood).
Thisisworthmuch(=valuable).
Thereismuch(=somethinggoodoruncommon)init(orhim).
Hemademuchof(=consideredasimportant)thisincident.
Don‘tmaketoomuchoftrifles.
Hethoughtmuchof(=esteemed)yourfriendship.
Hethoughttoomuchofhimself.
Icanpayasmuchas(=ashighapriceas)ahundredpoundsforit.
Hedrankasmuchas(=asmuchamountas)fivebottles.
Thebuildingisasmuchas(=even)ahundredstorieshigh.“Don’tcry,”saidI.ItwasasmuchasIcoulddotocomforther.(=IdidallIcouldtocomforther.)
Itwasasmuchasshecoulddonottocry.
Hesuddenlybecamesilent,whichwasasmuchastosay(=whichseemedtosay),“Youcanleavemenow.”
Thisisasmuckassayingthat(=Thisisequaltosayingthat)hehasnotdonehisduty.
Therewasnotsomuchas(=noteven)achairtositon.
Heneverpaidsomuchasacent.
Heleftwithoutsomuchassayinggood-bye.
Hehasstudiedfouryearswithoutsomuchasknowinghisteachers‘names.
Ithink(orbelieve,guess,expect,fear,say)asmuch(=so).
Itoldherthatmuch(=so).
Thismuchiscertain,thathehasdonehisbest.(Iamverycertainofthis,thoughnotoftherest.)
Somuchfor(=Thatisallthatcanbesaidordoneabout)thisman(orthejourney,hisplan).
Muchheknowsaboutsports!
(放在句首有讥讽味道)
Much可用作副词,表示“很多”,在修饰动词时,前面常加very,too,so,as这类副词:
Hesleepsverymuch,andworksverymuch.
Youpraise(orhelp,criticize,relyon)himtoomuch.
Iadmire(orregret,prefer,like,enjoy,miss)itverymuch.
(这里可译为“非常”)
Heissomuchastonished(orshocked,amused,charmed).
(much这里修饰过去分词,somuch可译为“那样”。
(但:
Thestoryisveryastonishing,veryamusing,verycharming.)
Iloveherasmuchasthat(=somuch)andsheowesmeasmuchasthat,but…
Iwouldnotsomuchas(=noteven)giveacenttohelphim.
Hedidnotsomuchasglanceather.(他连看都