语言学复习试题集锦.docx

语言学复习试题集锦.docx

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语言学复习试题集锦

英语语言学复习

I.Matching.（连线题）

1.functionalshift：

Itreferstothechangeofwordsfromonepartofspeechtoanother.

2.morphology：

Itreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

3.displacement：

Itmeansthatlanguagecancommunicateaboutthingsthatareabsent:

realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture.

4.antonymy：

Itisastandardtechnicaltermusedfor“oppositenessofmeaningbetweenlexemes.”

5.acousticphonetics：

Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmittedbetweenmouthandear.

6.generalization：

Itisdefinedastheuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations.

7.culture：

Itreferstothepatternsofcustoms,traditions,socialhabits,valuesandbeliefsofasociety.

8.ReceivedPronunciation：

ItreferstotheparticularwayofpronouncingstandardEnglish.

9.acronym：

Itreferstothewordderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.

10.homonymy：

Itreferstothecasethattwo,ormoremeaningsmaybeassociatedwiththesamelinguisticform.

11.interference：

Itcanbedefinedastheuseofelementsfromonelanguagewhilespeakinganother.

12.distinctivefeatures：

Thefeaturesthataphonemehasandthatdistinguishitfromotherphonemes.

13.articulatoryphonetics：

Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichthespeechareproduced.

14.duality：

Itreferstothefactthatinalllanguages,therearetwolevelsofstructure:

higherlevelofmeaningfulunitsandlowerlevelofsounds.

15.polysemy：

Itreferstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.

16.blending：

Itreferstothecombinationofpartsofotherwords.

17.back-formation：

Itreferstothewordcoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby“subtracting”anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.

18.social-classdialect：

Itreferstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.

19.regionaldialect：

Itreferstothelinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginaparticularplace.

20.culturaltransmission：

Itmeansthatlanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning.

21.ComponentialAnalysis：

Itreferstoanapproachadoptedbystructuralsemanticistsindescribingthemeaningofwordsandphrases.

22.suprasegmentalfeatures：

Thefeaturesthatarelargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchasstress,tone,andintonation.

23.boundmorpheme：

Itreferstothemorphemethatcannotstandbyitselfasaword.

24.hyponymy：

Itreferstoaparadigmaticrelationbetweenamorespecificlexemeandamoregenerallexeme.

25.clipping：

Itreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases.

26.psycholinguistics：

thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.

27.morpheme：

minimalunitofmeaning.

28.syntax：

thestudyofwordarrangements.

29.naming：

insemantics,therelationshipbetweenwordsandthings.

30.conversationalimplicature：

Grice’stermreferringtotheindirectmeaningsofaspeaker.

II.Blank-filling.（填空题）

1.Aphonemeisaunitofdistinctivevalue.

2.Thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemearecalledit’sallophones.

3.Themorphemeswhichoccuronlyafterothermorphemesarecalledsuffixes.

4.Themorphemeswhichmayappearwithatleastoneothermorphemeandwhichcannotstandbythemselvesarecalledboundmorphemes.

5.Anyactualutterancesaspeakermakesinaparticularsituationarereferredtoasaperson’sperformance.

6.Phrasestructurerulesarealsocalledrewriterules.

7.Antonymyisastandardtechnicaltermusedfor“oppositenessofmeaning”betweenlexemes.

8.Argumentandpredicateareconstituentsofthepredication.

9.Searlemphasizesthedistinctionandtherelatednessbetweenthepropositioncontentandillocutionaryactofanutterance.

10.Supposethespeakersays“It’scoldinhere”.Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer’sshuttingthewindow.

11.Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.

12.Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.

13.Thestandarddialectisaparticularvarietyofalanguage.

14.Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire（orrepertory）.

15.Englishspeakingpeople,unlikeChinese,willacceptcomplimentsbygivingapositiveresponselike:

“Thankyou”.

16.Termssuchas“uncle,aunt,grandpa,granny”arekinshipterms.

17.Whetherornotachildwillspeakaforeignlanguagewithanaccentdependslargelyupontheageatwhichhelearnsthesecondlanguage.

18.Aroundtheageofpuberty,thechildloseshisabilitytolearnasecondlanguagewithoutanaccent.

19.Thestrikingresemblancebetweenfirstandsecondlanguageacquisitionisovergeneralization.

20.Thechildformshisownruleinasystematicwayasheteacheshimselfhismothertongue.

21.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.

22.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

23.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.

24.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.

25.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledlateralization.

26.Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.

27.Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

28.InSociolinguistics,speakersaretreatedasmembersofsocialgroups.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.

29.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

30.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isarticulatoryphonetics.

31.Morphologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

32.Senseisconnectedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

33.Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

34.Anabbreviationisashortenedformofawordorphrasewhichrepresentsthecompleteform.

35.Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthegrammaticalsystemoflanguage.

36.Sociolinguisticsisconcernedwiththediversityoflanguageasitrelatestovarioussociologicalfactors.

37.Thefoursounds[p],[b],[m]and[w]haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.,theyareallbilabial.

38.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaning,theyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.

39.Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.

40.Aspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhosharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.

41.Lyingundertheskull,thehumanbraincontainsanaverageoftenbillionnervecellscalledneurons.

42.Becauseoftheirresemblancetothestyleoflanguagefoundintelegrams,utterancesatthemultiwordstageareoftenreferredtoastelegraphicspeech.

43.InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthongs,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.

44.Accordingtoitspositioninthenewword,affixesaredividedintotwokinds:

prefixesandsuffixes.

45.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.

46.Thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,thisiswhatwecallpolysemy.

47.Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.

48.Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebraincalledthecerebralcortex.

49.Inlearningasecondlanguage,alearnerwillsubconsciouslyusehisL1knowledge.Thisprocessiscalledlanguagetransfer.

50.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

51.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate.

52.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.

53.Thebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalvescalledhemispheres,oneontherightandoneontheleft.

54.Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

55.Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.

56.Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.

57.ThehistoryofEnglishexpansionisonethatischaracterizedwithheavyborrowingandwordformation.

58.Apidgintypicallylacksinflectionalmorphemes,suchasnounswithnoendingtoindicateplurality.

59.Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecriticalperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.

60.Negativetransfer,aprocessmorecommonlyknownasinterference,wasoncebelievedtobethemajorsourceofdifficultiesexperiencedanderrorsmadebyL2learners.

61.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhatdisplacementmeans.

62.Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbet