形容词副词同型.docx

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形容词副词同型.docx

形容词副词同型

副词和形容词同形(AdverbsandAdjectivesIdenticalinForm)

有的形容词同副词在词形上完全一样,但形容词起的是定语作用,而副词起的却是状语作用。

如:

Anearlyrisergetsupearly.

Afasttraintravelsfast.

Dailynewspapersarepublisheddaily.

Thisishardwork.Wehavetoworkhard.

区别副词和形容词常常依靠该词句法功能。

如:

gostraight,tellsomeonestraight中为副词。

在短语setsomeone/somethingstraight,putsomeone/somethingstraight,drinkwhiskystraight,keepone’sfacestraight中的straight看作形容词,因straight在些起宾语补足语的作用。

英语中常有成对的副词:

一个不带-ly,另一个由形容词加后缀-ly构成。

这种有-ly的副词有时可同无-ly的副词互换,有时两者的用法和意义不一。

但一般来说没有后缀-LY的副词表示动作所造成的结果、状态或给人的感觉,而,带有后缀-LY的副词则表示的动作方式。

如:

bright,brightly

cheap,cheaply

Shesellshergoodscheap.(cheap可用cheaply替换。

在较为随便的谈话中,当动词是buy,sell时,常用cheap.

clean,cleanly

Thisknifecutscleanly.

Thebulletwentcleanthroughthewall.

Cleanthrough=rightthrough.作副词的clean含义为completely,right.在非正式语体里,它常跟动词forget,介词over,through,副词away,out连用。

如:

SorryIdidn’tturnup---ICLEANFORGOT.

Theballsailedcleanovertheroof.

Theprisonergotcleanaway.

I’mafraidI’mcleanoutof(=havenomore)food.

clear,clearly

Standclearofthedoorsofthetrain.

副词clear跟of一起时,意为awayfrom,nottouching.

Hethrewherclearacrosstheroom.

Clearacross=rightacross

“Isaiditveryloudandclear(clear=clearly);Iwentandshoutedinhisear.”

HespokesoclearlythatIcouldheareveryword.

close,closely

Comeclose;Iwanttotellyousomething.(作副词时,“接近地,”“紧密地”,表具体近的程度)

Theboyfollowedclosebehindhisfather.

Thefellowstoodcloseagainstthewall.

副词close是near之意,过去分词前常用closely.如:

Theteacherwascloselyfollowedbyhispupils.

Closely表示一种抽象的概念,“紧密地”“密切地”“严密地”。

WeshouldcloselybeunitedaroundChairmanJiang.

Shecloselyresembleshermother.

Watchhimclosely.(=carefully,withattention)

dead,deadly

Theroadisverydangerous.Godeadslow.(=exactly,completely,slow,可用slowly替换)

还有deaddrunk,deadtired,deadright,deadsure,deadcertain等与deadslow同.

Don’ttouchthat.It’sdeadly.(=adj.;fatal,causingdeath)

It’sdeadlypoisonous.(=very)

Ican’treadthis.It’sdeadlydull.(=very)

Deep,deeply

Deep作副词时,常用来表示具体的深度,“深地”,修饰静止的状态和具体的动作。

而deeply用来修饰情感的动词、形容词和过去分词,表示抽象的概念。

Ourteachersoftenworkdeepintothenight.

Hehadtodigdeeptofindwater.

Weweredeeplymovedbywhathehaddone.

I’mdeeplygratefulforthehelpyougaveme.

direct,directly

Thesenewlawsconcernusalldirectly.(=inadirectway“直接地”)

Let’smeetdirectly(=immediately)afterlunch;thenI‘lltakeyoudirecttoyourroom.(=withoutdeviation,主要用于说及旅行和时间表,指空间、距离,如行程中的不停顿、不绕道,”直接地““不绕(圈)地”)

HeflewdirecttoNewYork.

Hecameandreporteditdirecttome.

Heshouldbetheredirectly.

Shedrovedirectlytoschool.

Shedrovedirecttoschool.

Thenextflightdoesn’tgodirecttoRome,itgoesbywayofParis.

easy,easily

A:

Ican’ttakethistableeasily(=withoutdifficulty).

B:

Yes,butgoeasy(=Don’tberough)withit.It’sanantique.Easy作为副词用在一些固定搭配中。

如:

takeiteasy(=relax);Standeasy!

(amiitarycommand);Easycome,easygo(=Whatwegetwithoutdifficultyisquicklylost).

fair,fairly

I’vemarkedyouressayfairly(=justly,honestly,accordingtotherules),andIcanassureyou(that)it’sfairly(=quite,rather)good.

Hetoldthefactsfairly.

Fair作副词只用在playfair,speakfair,tohitsomethingfairandsquare中。

fine,finely

Thatsuitsmefine.

You’redoingfine.

Fineadv.=well,一般用在口语中;若某东西finelycut或finelychopped,意为cutintoverysmallpieces.

firm,firmly

Ifwestandfirm,(=unyield)Ifirmlybelieveweshallsucceed.

Theguardisstandingfirmattheentrancetothecamp.

Holdthispostfirm(=firmly)whileIhammeritintotheground.

Theboyfirmlycaughtholdoftherope.

有的词典认为standfirm,stayfirm,setfirm,holdfirm中的firm为adj.

free,freely

Youcaneatfree(=withoutpayment)inmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.

Don’tletthedogrunfree.(=inafreemanner)

Youcanspeakfreely(=withoutlimitationorrestriction)infrontofGeorge---heknowseverything.

hard,hardly

Youhaveworkedhardtoday.(=diligently,strenuously)

You’vehardlyeatenanything.(=almostnot)

high,highly

He’sveryambitious:

heaimshigh.

Throwtheballashighasyoucan.

Canyoujumpthathigh?

Heheldhisheadhigh.

此处high为高度(height)及位置(position)用作副词时,指具体的高度。

Highly指抽象概念的高,常用来修饰形容词的分词和用在一些常见的搭配中。

如:

Heisahighlyskilledworker.

Theheadmasterthinkshighlyofmyteaching.

He’shighlyintelligent,highlytrained.(==toahigdegree;verymuch)

用于比喻意义时常用highly,如:

Theyspeakhighlyofyou.

just,justly

Hewasjustlypunishedforhiscrimes.(=inaccordancewithjusticeorthelaw公正地,正当地).

Thejudgedealedthecasejustly.

Weeachweretreatedjustly.

I’vejustbeenreadingaveryinterestingbook.(=amomentago,exactly,merely)

Dojustasyoulike.(正好)

Heisjustanordinaryman(仅仅).

I’mjustoutofhospital.

Heisjustachild,don’tquarrelwithhim.

late,lately

Everymorningthisweekshehasarrivedlate.(=afterthetimeexpected,晚地,迟地)

Hasshebeenherelately?

(=recently,notlongago,最近,近来,常用在疑问句和否定句中,在肯定句中常用recently.)

Haveyouseenherlately?

Ihearthatyouhaven’tbeenwelllately.

Hearrivedhomeverylatefromworkyesterday.

但二者都可用在aslateas,aslatelyas片语中。

loud,loudly

Don’tspeaksoloud.They’llhearyou.

在非正式语体中常用loud替换loudly,louder替换moreloudly;在动词talk,speak,shout,laugh后,以及在短语loudandclear里也是如此.但介词短语前却只用loudly.如:

Theyshoutedloudlyforhelp.Noonecame.

low,lowly

Tacklehimlow;grabhislegs.

Low是high的反义词,可说flylow,aimlow,speaklow,bowlow.

Heoccupiesalowlyposition.(=adj.,humble.)

most,mostly

Heenjoysacigarettesometimes,butmostlyhesmokesapipe.

Mostly==mainly,adj.

Most==very.:

Ofallthecompetitorsshewastheonewhomostdeservedtowin.

near,nearly

NationalDayisdrawingnear.

Near:

adj&adv.;

Nearly:

adv.almostbutnotquite.

Hewasnearlykilledintheaccident.

Nearly可作修饰语置于不定代词前。

如:

Nearlyeveryonecametothemeeting.

pretty,prettily

Marydancesveryprettily.

Prettily是方式状语,inaprettyway,skilfully,非正式语体中的pretty是副词,修饰形容词或副词,是rather,fairly.如:

She’sprettygood.Shedancesprettywell.

quick,quickly

Thetrainwillgetyoutherequickerthanthebus.

I’llgetbackasquickasIcan.

在非正式口语中,常用quick替换quickly,当动词表示运动以及quick是比较级时,更是用quick而不用quickly.

real,really

Thatwasrealnice.

Youcookrealwell.

上二例中real为adv.,替换了really,在非正式口语、特别在美国英语中,会听到。

Idon’treallylikeher.(==truly)

right,rightly

Youguessedright.

Right用rightly替换,为properly,correctly.Right在非正式语体里用得多,而且只能在动词之后,表达totheright-handside时,只用right而不用rightly,如:

Turnrightatthetrafficlights.

Hewasrightlyblamedfortheaccident.(不能用rightly,因right吸用在动词后。

Sharp,sharply

作副词的sharp用说及时间音调,用在一些短语里,如:

Pleasereporttomeatteno’clocksharp.(=punctually)

Youaresingingsharp.(=singonanotethatistoohigh.)

Looksharp==hurryup,watchout,

Pullupsharp==stopsuddenly

说及方向时,可互换,为makeanabruptturn.如:

Theroadturnssharp(ly)totheleft.

Heturnedsharp(ly)around.

当含义为severely时只用sharply.如:

Hewassharplyrebuked.

short,shortly

Stopshort.(=suddenly;cutshort==interrupt).

Shortly,adv.只用在这样的短语中:

Hewillbebackshortly.(=soon)

Heexplainedhismeaningshortlybutclearly(briefly).

Heansweredshortlythathedidn’tcarewhatIthought.(==impatiently).

slow,slowly

Goslow.

Goslower.

在非正式口语中,slow替换slowly,slower替换moreslowly,常与动词go,drive等连用。

在道路标志上了常用副词slow,如Slow!

Driveslow!

等,其余场合都用slowly.如:

Whenyouspeakslowly,Iunderstandyou.

sure,surely

Itsureisacoldnight.

Areyouleavingwithus?

–Sure!

此二sure代替了surely,为典型的美国英语。

Hemustsurelysucceed.属英国英语。

tight,tightly

We’rejuststarting.Holdtight.

Sittight.Holdontoyourseatstightly.

此二例的tight,tightly皆为副词,在非正式语体里,不及我动词后不用tight替换tightly;在其它情况下,譬如及物动词加宾语后,就用tightly.

wide,widely

Heopenedthecupboardwide.(表示实际的距离,“宽广地”,“广大地”)

Itwaswideopen.(表示一种程度,一抽象概念,“广泛地”“大大地”。

Thewindowwaswideopen.

Hewaswideawake.

Theoldministeropenedhiseyeswide.

Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.

Footballiswidelyplayedalloverthecountry.

Thiscomputeriswidelydifferentfromthatoneinquality.

跟形容词同形的wide是副词,意为widely.

Hehastravelledwidely.(=inmanydifferentplaces.)

wrong,wrongly

Youguesswrong.(=wrongly,为非正式英语,一般置于动词后。

Iwronglybelievedthatyouwantedtohelpme.

Wrongly位于动词前。

大致分为三类:

(一)本类词有hard,hardly;late,lately;most,mostly等。

两种副词形式含义完全不同,使用时不易引起混淆。

(二)本类词主要有wide,widely;close,closely;high,highly等,两种副词形式不同,含义也有差别,但没有第一类的区别明显,且翻译成汉语时也很接近。

使用时容易混淆。

其含义及用法上的主要特点是:

不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作,说明的动作或状况有可测量性和可见性;而以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。

大都具有“greatly”或“extremely”的含义。

(三)这类词主要有slow,slowly;quick,quickly等异形同义词。

当然,现代英语的语言规范性要求用以-ly结尾的副词来修饰动词,但由于句子结构以及搭配的不同,使用时也具有不同的倾向性。

在此,探讨一下在什么情况下使用不带-ly的副词形式。

总的说来,倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有四种:

1、用作比较级或最高级时:

Allenwaswalkingquickly,butGeorgewaswalkingevenquicker.

Themenwerequarrellingloudly,butthepolicemenshoutedlouder.

Thecarwentslowerandsloweruntilitcametoastandstill.

Let’sseewhocanrunquickest.

Wemustlookcloserattheproblem.

2、有“so”或“too”修饰时:

ItallhappenedsoquickthatIcoulddonothing.

Itisimpossibletoovertakehim;yourcargoestooslow.

Don’ttalksoloud;thechildisinbednow.

3、用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时:

Comequick;wearewaitingforyou.

Driveslow;thispartoftheroadisdangerous.

Thesunshinesbright.

Whenwelefttheshelter,thesnowwasfallingthickandthewindwasblowingcold.

Businessisgoingstrong.

4、在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时:

Takeiteasy.

Standfirmandholdittight.站稳抓牢

Heoftenplayshigh.赌注常下得很大

Thesecretarycopiedtheroughdraftofhermanageroutfair.

Theyweredrinkingdeepintothenight.

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