托福句子简化题80题.docx

托福句子简化题80题.docx

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托福句子简化题80题

1. Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects, they followbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.

○Functionalapplied-artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.

○Thefunctionofapplied-artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.

○Sincefunctionalapplied-artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform.

○Thegeneralformofapplied-artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.

2. Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.

○Eventhough Ambulocetus swambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.

○Thebackboneof Ambulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.

○Although Ambulocetus hadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.

○Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromtheway Ambulocetus swam.

3. Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.

○Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectlargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.

○Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.

○Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.

○Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.

4. Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.

○Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.

○Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.

○Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.

○Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.

5. Forexample,peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified-asduringwartime-arelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.

○Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot

○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.

○Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.

○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime.

6. Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.

○Mastersdemandedmoralbehaviorfromapprenticesbutoftentreatedthemirresponsibly.

○Theresponsibilitiesofthemastertotheapprenticewentbeyondtheteachingofatrade.

○Masterspreferredtomaintainthetradewithinthefamilybysupervisingandeducatingtheyoungerfamilymembers.

○Masterswhotrainedmembersoftheirownfamilyasapprenticesdemandedexcellencefromthem.

7. Onepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthestreamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.

○Thesefishesoftenhaveaproblemopeningtheirmouthswhileswimming.

○Thestreamliningofthesefishespreventsthemfromslowingdown.

○Thestreamliningofthesefishestendstoslowdowntheirbreathing.

○Openingthemouthtobreathecanreducethespeedofthesefishes.

8.TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.

○WhigswereabletoattractsupportonlyinthewealthiestpartsoftheeconomybecauseDemocratsdominatedinotherareas.

○WhigandDemocraticareasofinfluencewerenaturallysplitbetweenurbanandruralareas,respectively.

○ThesemisubsistencefarmingareasdominatedbyDemocratsbecameincreasinglyisolatedbytheWhigs'controlofthemarketeconomy.

○TheDemocrats'powerwasgreatestinpoorerareaswhiletheWhigswerestrongestinthoseareaswherethemarketwasalreadyfullyoperating.

9. TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.

○TheFore'sfacialexpressionsindicatedtheirunwillingnesstopretendtobestorycharacters.

○TheForewereaskedtodisplayfamiliarfacialexpressionswhentheytoldtheirstories.

○TheForeexhibitedthesamerelationshipoffacialexpressionsandbasicemotionsthatisseeninWesternculturewhentheyactedoutstories.

○TheForewerefamiliarwiththefacialexpressionsandbasicemotionsofcharactersinstories.

10. Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeologicalterms.

○Whentheyarerelativelyyoung,hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature.

○Althoughtheyseempermanent,hillsandmountainsexistforarelativelyshortperiodofgeologicaltime.

○Hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature,butonlyforashorttime.

○Hillsandmountainsresistthedestructiveforcesofnaturebetterthanothertypesoflandforms

11. Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.

○Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutitstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.

○Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.

○Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.

○Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.

12. Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.

○Asociety’sritesweremorelikelytoberetainedintheoraltraditionifitsmythswereadmiredforartisticqualities.

○Theartisticqualityofamythwassometimesanessentialreasonforasocietytoabandonitfromtheoraltradition.

○Someearlysocietiesstoppedusingmythsintheirreligiouspracticeswhenritesceasedtobeseenasusefulforsocialwell-being.

○Mythssometimessurvivedinasociety’straditionbecauseoftheirartisticqualitiesevenaftertheywerenolongerdeemedreligiouslybeneficial.

13. Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees,asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes.

○Becauseoftheirdeformedshapesathighaltitudes,treesarenotlikelytobeseriouslyharmedbythestrongwindstypicalofthosealtitudes.

○Asaltitudeincreases,thevelocityofwindsincrease,leadingtoaseriousdecreaseinthenumberoftreesfoundathighaltitudes.

○Thedeformedshapesoftreesathighaltitudesshowthatwindvelocity,whichincreasewithaltitude,cancauseserioushardshipfortrees.

○Increasedwindvelocityathighaltitudesdeformstheshapesoftrees,andthismaycauseseriousstressfortrees.

14. Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem—evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.

○Unchangingphysicallawshavelimitedthesizeandstrengthofbuildingsthatcanbemadewithmaterialsdiscoveredlongago.

○Buildingmaterialshavechangedinordertoincreasearchitecturalsizeandstrength,butphysicallawsofstructurehavenotchanged.

○Whenpeoplefirststartedtobuild,thestructuralmethodsusedtoprovidestrengthandsizewereinadequatebecausetheywerenotbasedonphysicallaws.

○Unlikebuildingmaterials,themethodsofsupportusedinarchitecturehavenotchangedovertimebecausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws.

15. EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,rates